The Estimation of Iron, Zinc, Phytic Acid Contents and Their Molar Ratios in Different Types of Bread and Rice Consumed in Halabja City, Iraqi Kurdistan

Abstract

A total of 10 samples involving five bread and five rice types and five cooked rice were selected. The iron and Zn contents were analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-MS), and phytic acid content was analyzed using a rapid colorimetric method using a spectrophotometer. Phytic acid to Fe and Zn molar ratios were also determined using their molar weight to determine the potential bioavailability of selected nutrients. A one-way ANOVA test was used to statistically analyze the means differences between the phytate and mineral contents between the bread and rice samples. The variation of Fe and Zn (mg kg-1) in the bread samples was 24.1-65.6 and 13.3-22.8, in row rice was 10.8 to 45.3 and 8.66-17.4, and in cooked rice was 10.0-45.2 and 6.03-15.5 respectively. The PA concentration in (g 100g-1) was 0.77-1.14 for bread, 0.61-1.10 for row rice, and 0.31-0.77 for cooked rice. And also, PA/Fe and PA/Zn ratios were 2.58-6.01 and 8.07-13.4 for bread, 0.25-1.35, and 39.7-110 for row rice, and 0.11-0.89 and 23.0-125 for cooked rice, respectively. The results indicated that soaking and cooking processes caused the reduction in the Fe, Zn, and PA concentrations by 22.4, 5.54, and 27.7 %, respectively. These results from PA/Fe and PA/Zn molar ratios show that Fe had moderate bioavailability while Zn had low bioavailability. The results may be valuable for generate cultivars of wheat and rice varieties with suitable concentrations of PA and micronutrients, which can lead to the improvement of micronutrient-rich cultivars to reduce malnutrition.

Heavy metals concentrations in some Kurdish rice (Oryza sativa L.) short grains cultivated in Iraqi Kurdistan region and its health risk assessment.

“…In compare, the range of Zn concentration ranged from 97.34 to 121.76 mg kg -1 in the rice samples from the main industrial areas of Bangladesh (Hasan et al, 2022). In accordance with our results, the concentrations of Zn in the rice samples ranged from 8.66 to 17.4 in two type of rice (Salih et al, 2021). This might due to the high capacity of Zn absorption, which causes a decrease in the availability of Zn in calcareous soils in Iraqi Kurdistan (Mam-Rasul, 2019).…”

“…Similarly, the concentrations of Fe in the rice samples ranged from 10.8 to 45.3 mg kg -1 in two type of rice studied by (Salih et al, 2021). This might be due to presence low content of Fe in rice grain grown in Kurdistan region which the soils are calcareous and contain low amount of available Fe (Rasheed and Salih, 2020).…”

Phytic Acid Content in Biofortified Rice Lines and Its Association With Micronutrient Content and Grain Yield of Rice

“…The findings of Hama- Salih et al (2021) showed that the rice samples in their study had poor bioavailability of Fe and Zn because of high PA:Fe and PA:Zn molar ratios. It can be due to the high PA content in the studied rice, which impacted Fe and Zn content bioavailability in these foods.…”