The Estimated Lifetime Medical Cost of Diseases Attributable to Human Papillomavirus Infections Acquired in 2018

Abstract

Introduction:We estimated the lifetime medical costs of diagnosed cases of diseases attributable to human papillomavirus (HPV) infections acquired in 2018. Methods:We adapted an existing mathematical model of HPV transmission and associated diseases to estimate the lifetime number of diagnosed cases of disease (genital warts; cervical intraepithelial neoplasia; and cervical, vaginal, vulvar, penile, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers) attributable to HPV infections that were acquired in 2018. For each of these outcomes, we multiplied the estimated number of cases by the estimated lifetime medical cost per case obtained from previous studies. We estimated the costs of recurrent respiratory papillomatosis in a separate calculation. Future costs were discounted at 3% annually. Results:The estimated discounted lifetime medical cost of diseases attributable to HPV infections acquired in 2018 among people aged 15 to 59 years was $774 million (in 2019 US dollars), of which approximately half was accounted for by infections in those aged 15 to 24 years. Human papillomavirus infections in women accounted for approximately 90% of the lifetime number of diagnosed cases of disease and 70% of the lifetime cost attributable to HPV infections acquired in 2018 among those aged 15 to 59 years. Conclusions:We estimated the lifetime medical costs of diseases attributable to HPV infections acquired in 2018 to be $774 million. This estimate is lower than previous estimates, likely due to the impact of HPV vaccination. The lifetime cost of disease attributable to incident HPV infections is expected to decrease further over time as HPV vaccination coverage increases.

The Estimated Direct Lifetime Medical Costs of Sexually Transmitted Infections Acquired in the United States in 2018

“…Instead, we used the estimated total cost of HPV infections acquired in 2018, which we obtained from a study in this Special Issue that estimated the lifetime number and cost of diagnosed cases of disease attributable to HPV infections acquired in 2018. 15…”

“…For HPV, the base case estimate of the lifetime cost of infections acquired in 2018 was obtained directly from the HPV cost study. 15 For each STI other 9 See that study for details on how these numbers were estimated and how they should be interpreted. The ages for which these incident estimates were calculated varied by STI: chlamydia: 15-39 years; gonorrhea: 15-39 years; syphilis: 14-49 years; trichomoniasis: 15-59 years; genital herpes: 15-49 years; HPV: 15-59 years; HBV ≥15 years; HIV: ≥13 years.…”

“…For HPV, we obtained 10,000 estimates of the lifetime cost of diseases attributable to infections acquired in 2018 from the probabilistic sensitivity analyses reported in the HPV cost manuscript. 15 To calculate uncertainty intervals for the total estimated cost of all STIs acquired in 2018, we obtained 10,000 simulations of the total cost by combining the sets of 10,000 results for each STI. 9…”

“…The cost of incident HPV infections acquired in 2018 was calculated using model-based estimates of the lifetime number of diagnosed cases of disease attributable to HPV infections acquired in 2018 as described in the HPV cost study in this Special Issue. 15…”

Trichosanthin inhibits cervical cancer by regulating oxidative stress-induced apoptosis

“…Cervical cancer, one of the most universal as well as fatal gynecological malignancies among women all over the world, results in a very large economic and medical burden worldwide [1][2][3][4]. It is estimated that by 2040, the annual number of deaths related to cervical cancer is estimated to reach 460,000, and its mortality rate is second only to breast cancer [5,6].…”