The estimated disease burden of norovirus in The Netherlands

Verhoef, Linda; Pelt, Wilfrid van; Duizer, Erwin; Haagsma, Juanita A.; Werber, Dirk; Asten, Liselotte van; Havelaar, Arie H.

doi:10.1017/s0950268812000799

Cited by 47 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Our incidences per season are lower than estimates of 4500-6500 cases/100 000 person-years from the USA and UK [16][17][18] and of 3800 cases/100 000 population from The Netherlands [19], and also lower than 1665 cases/100 000 children aged <5 years in industrialized countries from a systematic literature review on sporadic gastroenteritis [2]. This is plausible because our passive surveillance system probably underestimates the true incidence of norovirus disease in Germany, especially in the young and healthy population, who do not consult the healthcare system for uncomplicated acute gastroenteritis.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in Germany 2001–2009: eight seasons of routine surveillance

et al. 2013

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SUMMARYWe analysed data on laboratory or epidemiologically confirmed cases (n = 856 539) and on outbreaks (n = 31 644) notified during week 31 (2001) to week 30 (2009), and performed molecular typing of specimens from 665 outbreaks. We aimed at identifying demographic and molecular characteristics to inform on potential additional approaches to prevent disease spread in the population. The mean incidence by norovirus season (week 31 in one year to week 30 in the following year) was 130 (range 19-300) cases/100 000 population and was highest in persons aged <5 years (430/100 000) and 575 years (593/100 000). The proportion hospitalized in community-acquired cases was 8-19% per season. The mean norovirus-associated mortality was 0·05/100 000 per season and 0·5/100 000 in the 575 years age group. Most outbreaks with known setting (75%) occurred in hospitals (32%), nursing homes (28%), households (24%) and childcare facilities (10%). GII strains dominated in the outbreak specimens. GII.4 strains were found in 82% of nursing home outbreaks, 85% of hospital outbreaks, and 33% of childcare facility and school outbreaks. Cases in younger individuals were notified earlier during the season than adult cases, and outbreaks in childcare facilities and schools preceded those in nursing/residential homes, hospitals and private households. We suggest future studies to investigate more closely potential transmission patterns between children and adults.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in Germany 2001–2009: eight seasons of routine surveillance

et al. 2013

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“…Six of these studies were global burden of disease studies (Fewtrell et al, 2005(Fewtrell et al, , 2004Furst et al, 2012;Guerrant et al, 2002;Mathers et al, 2007;Pruss et al, 2002). Thirteen studies have been performed in Europe (Gkogka et al, 2011;Haagsma et al, 2008;Havelaar et al, 2000Havelaar et al, , 2012Havelaar et al, , 2007bHavelaar et al, , 2004Havelaar et al, , 2010Kortbeek et al, 2009;Reij et al, 2009;Torgerson et al, 2008;Valent et al, 2004;Verhoef et al, 2012), and five studies were performed in Africa, South East Asia and the Western Pacific (i.e. Cameroon, South Africa, Bangladesh, Tibet, New Zealand).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 1 shows the number of foodborne burden of disease studies per WHO region, subdivided into agent-based, outcome-based and risk-factor based approaches. The majority of burden of disease studies relevant to foodborne disease used the agent-based approach (n = 19; (Budke et al, 2004;Fewtrell et al, 2005Fewtrell et al, , 2004Furst et al, 2012;Gkogka et al, 2011;Haagsma et al, 2008;Havelaar et al, 2000Havelaar et al, , 2012Havelaar et al, , 2007bHavelaar et al, , 2004Kortbeek et al, 2009;Lake et al, 2010;Lokuge et al, 2004;Praet et al, 2009;Reij et al, 2009;Torgerson et al, 2008;Valent et al, 2004;Verhoef et al, 2012)). 1) Which data sources were used to assess mortality, morbidity and disability?…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…outbreak studies), demographic information or a combination of data sources. Seven studies reported that they corrected for underreporting of death statistics, for instance by modelling the proportion of undiagnosed cases (Budke et al, 2004) or by using case fatality ratios rather than reported deaths or by combining case fatality ratios and vital registration data (Gkogka et al, 2011;Havelaar et al, 2000Havelaar et al, , 2012Havelaar et al, , 2004Verhoef et al, 2012). Van Lier et al explored the effect of underreporting by scenario analysis .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 shows a schematic representation of the four approaches to estimate incidence. a) From laboratory-confirmed cases to incidence Six studies used laboratory-confirmed cases that were derived from passive surveillance systems (Gkogka et al, 2011;Havelaar et al, 2012;Lake et al, 2010;Torgerson et al, 2008;Verhoef et al, 2012). Subsequently, most studies applied scaling factors to estimate the total number of laboratoryconfirmed cases (i.e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Systematic review of foodborne burden of disease studies: Quality assessment of data and methodology

Haagsma

Polinder

Stein

et al. 2013

International Journal of Food Microbiology

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a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f oBurden of disease (BoD) studies aim to identify the public health impact of different health problems and risk factors. To assess BoD, detailed knowledge is needed on epidemiology, disability and mortality in the population under study. This is particularly challenging for foodborne disease, because of the multitude of causative agents and their health effects. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the methodology of foodborne BoD studies. Three key questions were addressed: 1) which data sources and approaches were used to assess mortality, morbidity and disability?, 2) which methodological choices were made to calculate Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY), and 3) were uncertainty analyses performed and if so, how? Studies (1990-June 2012) in international peer-reviewed journals and grey literature were identified with main inclusion criteria being that the study assessed disability adjusted life years related to foodborne disease. Twenty-four studies met our inclusion criteria. To assess incidence or prevalence of foodborne disease in the population, four approaches could be distinguished, each using a different data source as a starting point, namely 1) laboratory-confirmed cases, 2) cohort or cross-sectional data, 3) syndrome surveillance data and 4) exposure data. Considerable variation existed in BoD methodology (e.g. disability weights, discounting, age-weighting). Almost all studies analyzed the effect of uncertainty as a result of possible imprecision in the parameter values. Awareness of epidemiological and methodological rigor between foodborne BoD studies using the DALY approach is a critical priority for advancing burden of disease studies. Harmonization of methodology that is used and of modeling techniques and high quality data can enlarge the detection of real variation in DALY outcomes between pathogens, between populations or over time. This harmonization can be achieved by identifying substantial data gaps and uncertainty and establish which sequelae of foodborne disease agents should be included in BoD calculations.

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Norovirus immunology: Of mice and mechanisms

Newman

León

2015

Eur J Immunol

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Summary Noroviruses (NoVs) are the most common cause of sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis in the United States and Europe and are responsible for 20% of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Over the past decade, the understanding of NoV immunology has grown immensely. Studies of the natural immune response to NoV in humans and animal models have laid the foundation for innovations in cell culture systems for NoV and development of new therapeutics. Evidence from animal models, NoV surrogates, observational human research, and human challenge studies suggest that the innate immune response is critical for limiting NoV infection but is insufficient for viral clearance. NoV may antagonize the innate immune response to establish or prolong infection. However, once a robust adaptive immune response is initiated, the immune system clears the infection through the action of T cells and B cells, simultaneously generating highly specific protective immunologic memory. We review here both the current knowledge on norovirus immunity and exciting new developments, with a focus on ongoing vaccine development work, novel cell culture systems, and advances in understanding the role of the gut microbiome. These changes reinforce the need for a better understanding of the human immune response to NoV and suggest novel hypotheses.

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The estimated disease burden of norovirus in The Netherlands

Cited by 47 publications

References 34 publications

Epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in Germany 2001–2009: eight seasons of routine surveillance

Epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis in Germany 2001–2009: eight seasons of routine surveillance

Systematic review of foodborne burden of disease studies: Quality assessment of data and methodology

Norovirus immunology: Of mice and mechanisms

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