The Essential Oils of Rhaponticum carthamoides Hairy Roots and Roots of Soil-Grown Plants: Chemical Composition and Antimicrobial, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antioxidant Activities

Abstract

The essential oils were isolated by hydrodistillation from the hairy roots (HR) and roots of soil-grown plants (SGR) of Rhaponticum carthamoides and were analyzed by GC-MS method. In the both essential oils 62 compounds were identified. The root essential oils showed the differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition. The sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (55–62%) dominated in both essential oils. The major compounds of HR essential oil were cyperene, 13-norcypera-1(5),11(12)-diene, and cadalene while aplotaxene, nardosina-1(10),11-diene, and dauca-4(11),8-diene dominated in SGR essential oil. Both essential oils showed antibacterial activity especially against Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853) (MIC value = 125 µg/mL). HR and SGR essential oils also decreased the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and the ROS level in LPS-treatment astrocytes. This is the first report to describe the chemical composition of R. carthamoides essential oil from hairy roots, its protective effect against LPS-induced inflammation and ROS production in astrocytes, and its antimicrobial potential. The results show that R. carthamoides hairy roots may be a valuable source of the essential oil and may be an alternative to the roots of soil-grown plants.

Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Bergamot Essential Oil and Its Antinociceptive Effects

“…It is known that the levels of some pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, increase during CAR-induced edema, playing a pivotal role in the onset and perpetuation of the inflammatory process [46], thus representing important targets for developing new anti-inflammatory drugs. In line with other research demonstrating the ability of EOs to modulate these pro-inflammatory cytokines [34,47,48], in our study, BEO-FF reduced the levels of up-mentioned cytokines in the paw homogenates, thereby suggesting a possible mechanism underlying BEO-FF anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, NO and PGE 2 , generated by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX), respectively, are key pro-inflammatory mediators that are widely implicated in inflammatory diseases [49], hence the inhibition of NO and PGE 2 release being one of the main mechanisms through which EOs exert their anti-inflammatory activity [50].…”

Essential Oils and Their Major Compounds in the Treatment of Chronic Inflammation: A Review of Antioxidant Potential in Preclinical Studies and Molecular Mechanisms

“…However, chronic inflammation and cytokine dysfunction are associated with conditions such as cancer progression, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disease [66]. To better study these molecular aspects, inflammatory models using microglial [29] and astrocyte [43] cell lines have been used to evaluate the influence of inflammatory processes on the development of neurodegenerative diseases and tumor cell lines such as HepG2 [27] to evaluate the relationship between the processes inflammatory and malignant neoplasms.…”

Antibacterial activity of an aqueous extracts of Alkanna tinctoria roots against drug resistant aerobic pathogenic bacteria isolated from patients with burns infections

“…Therefore, different medical plants were used by many researchers as alternative treatment against different bacterial infections because these medicinal plants are the rich source of traditional medicines [3,6,[20][21][22].…”