THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF<i>CANNABIS SATIVA</i>

Malingré, Th. M.; Hendriks, H.; Batterman, S.; Bos, Rein; Visser, Joost

doi:10.1055/s-0028-1097829

Cited by 59 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Although it has been shown that THC and other cannabinoids do accumulate in the secretory cavity, the mechanism of their transport from the disc cell and through the plasma membrane and cell wall are unknown (Malingré et al, 1975;Turner, Hemphill, and Mahlberg, 1980;Lanyon, Turner, and Mahlberg, 1981). The areas of different density in the cytoplasm and cell wall may be secretions associated with the secretory process Mahlberg and Kim, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunochemical localization of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Cryofixed Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis (Cannabaceae)

Kim

Mahlberg

1997

American J of Botany

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Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) localization in glandular trichomes and bracteal tissues of Cannabis, prepared by high pressure cryofixation-cryosubstitution, was examined with a monoclonal antibody-colloidal gold probe by electron microscopy (EM). The antibody detected THC in the outer wall of disc cells during the presecretory cavity phase of gland development. Upon formation of the secretory cavity, the immunolabel detected THC in the disc cell wall facing the cavity as well as the subcuticular wall and cuticle throughout development of the secretory cavity. THC was detected in the fibrillar matrix associated with the disc cell and with this matrix in the secretory cavity. The antibody identified THC on the surface of secretory vesicles, but not in the secretory vesicles. Gold label also was localized in the anticlinal walls between adjacent disc cells and in the wall of dermal and mesophyll cells of the bract. Grains were absent or detected only occasionally in the cytoplasm of disc or other cells of the bract. No THC was detected in controls. These results indicate THC to be a natural product secreted particularly from disc cells and accumulated in the cell wall, the fibrillar matrix and surface feature of vesicles in the secretory cavity, the subcuticular wall, and the cuticle of glandular trichomes. THC, among other chemicals, accumulated in the cuticle may serve as a plant recognition signal to other organisms in the environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunochemical localization of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Cryofixed Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis (Cannabaceae)

Kim

Mahlberg

1997

American J of Botany

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“…Cannabis have been previously analyzed for pos- , 1974;Crombie and Crombie, 1975;Malingre et al, 1975). If as postulated, cannabinoids are synthesized in the glandular trichomes on the plant surface, then gland number should correlate with cannabinoid content.…”

Section: Discussion-floral and Vegetative Organs Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gland Distribution and Cannabinoid Content in Clones of Cannabis Sativa L.

Turner

Hemphill

Mahlberg

1977

American J of Botany

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The relationship between glandular trichomes and cannabinoid content in Cannabis sativa L. was investigated. Three strains of Cannabis, which are annuals, were selected for either a drug, a non‐drug, or a fiber trait and then cloned to provide genetically uniform material for analyses over several years. The distribution of the number and type of glands was determined for several organs of different ages including the bract and its subtending monoleaflet leaf and the compound leaf on pistillate plants. Quantitation of glands on these structures was integrated with gas chromatographic analyses of organ cannabinoid profiles. A negative correlation was found between cannabinoid content and gland number for each of the three clones. Isolated heads of the capitate‐stalked glands also were analyzed for cannabinoid content and found to vary in relation to clone and gland age. These studies indicate that cannabinoids may occur in plant cells other than glandular trichomes. The results of these studies emphasize the need for stringent sampling procedures in micromorphological studies on trichome distribution and analytical determinations of cannabinoid content in Cannabis.

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“…Commercial preparations of the essential oil, called "Cannabis flower essential oil" and "hemp essential oil," have been prepared from the female inflorescences and/or the younger foliage. Cannabis essential oil is a mixture of volatile compounds, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and other terpenoid-like compounds that are manufactured in the same epidermal glands in which the cannabinoids of Cannabis (discussed in the "Evolution of Narcotic Drug Production Under Domestication" section) are produced (Malingré et al, 1975;Meier & Mediavilla, 1998). The cannabinoids are biosynthesized from some of the terpenoids, but are odorless (Clarke & Watson, 2002).…”

Section: Evolution Of Essential Oil Production Under Domesticationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

2015

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Cannabis sativa has been employed for thousands of years, primarily as a source of a stem fiber (both the plant and the fiber termed "hemp") and a resinous intoxicant (the plant and its drug preparations commonly termed "marijuana"). Studies of relationships among various groups of domesticated forms of the species and wildgrowing plants have led to conflicting evolutionary interpretations and different classifications, including splitting C. sativa into several alleged species. This review examines the evolving ways Cannabis has been used from ancient times to the present, and how human selection has altered the morphology, chemistry, distribution and ecology of domesticated forms by comparison with related wild plants. Special attention is given to classification, since this has been extremely contentious, and is a key to understanding, exploiting and controlling the plant. Differences that have been used to recognize cultivated groups within Cannabis are the results of disruptive selection for characteristics selected by humans. Wild-growing plants, insofar as has been determined, are either escapes from domesticated forms or the results of thousands of years of widespread genetic exchange with domesticated plants, making it impossible to determine if unaltered primeval or ancestral populations still exist. The conflicting approaches to classifying and naming plants with such interacting domesticated and wild forms are examined. It is recommended that Cannabis sativa be recognized as a single species, within which there is a narcotic subspecies with both domesticated and ruderal varieties, and similarly a non-narcotic subspecies with both domesticated and ruderal varieties. An alternative approach consistent with the international code of nomenclature for cultivated plants is proposed, recognizing six groups: two composed of essentially non-narcotic fiber and oilseed cultivars as well as an additional group composed of their hybrids; and two composed of narcotic strains as well as an additional group composed of their hybrids.

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THE ESSENTIAL OIL OFCANNABIS SATIVA

Cited by 59 publications

References 3 publications

Immunochemical localization of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Cryofixed Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis (Cannabaceae)

Immunochemical localization of Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in Cryofixed Glandular Trichomes of Cannabis (Cannabaceae)

Gland Distribution and Cannabinoid Content in Clones of Cannabis Sativa L.

Evolution and Classification of Cannabis sativa (Marijuana, Hemp) in Relation to Human Utilization

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