The eruption run-up at Mt. Etna volcano: Constraining magma decompression rates and their relationships with the final eruptive energy

Zuccarello, Francesco; Schiavi, Federica; Viccaro, Marco

doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117821

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 62 publications

(97 reference statements)

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“…Embayments have been increasingly used as a tool for estimating magma ascent rates (Befus et al, 2023;Elms et al, 2023;Ferguson et al, 2016;Geshi et al, 2021;Hosseini et al, 2023;Humphreys et al, 2008;Liu et al, 2007;Lloyd et al, 2014;Moussallam et al, 2019;Myers et al, 2016Myers et al, , 2018Myers et al, , 2021Newcombe et al, 2020;Saalfeld et al, 2021;Zuccarello et al, 2022). During magma ascent, the volatile concentrations of a melt decrease due to volatile saturation and exsolution during decompression.…”

Section: Choice Of Samples In Embayment Speedometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering Clues Regarding Magma Composition Encoded in Quartz‐Hosted Embayments and Melt Inclusions Through Direct Numerical Simulations

Wei,

Ruefer,

Pamukcu

et al. 2024

JGR Solid Earth

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Crystal‐hosted melt embayments and melt inclusions partially record magmatic processes at depth, but it is not always obvious how to interpret this record. One impediment is our incomplete understanding of how embayments and melt inclusions form. In this study, we investigate the formation mechanism of embayments and melt inclusions during quartz growth to quantify the relationship between the compositions of the entrapped and average melt. We study the growth of embayments and inclusions through direct numerical simulations that couple the growth of a crystal surface with the evolution of the concentrations of incompatible components in the surrounding melt. We find that H2O is more enriched in the interior of defects on crystal surface compared to the exterior. The resultant lower disequilibrium in the defect interior causes lower growth rate than in the exterior, elongating the defect into an embayment. If crystal growth stops, the composition in the embayment equilibrates with the average melt within days to months. If crystal growth continues until the embayment neck closes, a melt inclusion forms. The melt entrapped by both embayments and melt inclusions is enriched in incompatible components, such as H2O and CO2. In addition to inclusion size, the enrichment of incompatible components in melt inclusions also depends on component diffusivity and the crystal growth regime. High‐diffusivity components like H2O have similar enrichment levels in all scenarios, while lower‐diffusivity components like CO2 are more enriched in melt inclusions with smaller sizes or formed in continuous crystal growth.

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Section: Choice Of Samples In Embayment Speedometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Deciphering Clues Regarding Magma Composition Encoded in Quartz‐Hosted Embayments and Melt Inclusions Through Direct Numerical Simulations

Wei,

Ruefer,

Pamukcu

et al. 2024

JGR Solid Earth

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“…The composition and rates considered in this experimental study are indicated by the dotted square. Eruptions included are 1.61 and 1.26 Ma Bandelier (Saalfeld et al., 2022), 26.5 ka Oruanui (Liu et al., 2007; Myers et al., 2018), 2.08 Ma Huckleberry (Myers et al., 2018), 760 ka Bishop (Myers et al., 2018), 30 ka Aira (Geshi et al., 2021), 3.6 ka Santorini (Myers et al., 2021), 1980 Mount St. Helens (Humphreys et al., 2008), 1974 Fuego (Lloyd et al., 2014), 2013, 2015, and 2018 Etna (Zuccarello et al., 2022), 2018 Ambae (Moussallam et al., 2019), 1500 CE, 1600 CE, and 1959 Kilauea (Ferguson et al., 2016), and 1977 Seguam (Newcombe et al., 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The embayment speedometer has been leveraged in explosive eruptions spanning a broad compositional range, with studies on rhyolite to rhyo‐dacite (Geshi et al., 2021; Humphreys et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2007; Myers et al., 2018, 2021; Saalfeld et al., 2022) as well as basaltic‐andesite to basalt (Ferguson et al., 2016; Lloyd et al., 2014; Moussallam et al., 2019; Newcombe et al., 2020; Zuccarello et al., 2022) providing insights into how magma decompression rate may (or may not) correlate with eruption composition and explosivity (Figure 1). However, attempts to model volatile concentration gradients in embayments have seen variable success, likely a result of complex magma decompression histories being met with simplifying model assumptions (deGraffenried & Shea, 2021; Su & Huber, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are We Recording? Putting Embayment Speedometry to the Test Using High Pressure‐Temperature Decompression Experiments

Hosseini

Myers

Watkins

et al. 2023

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Despite its increasing application to estimate magma decompression rates for explosive eruptions, the embayment speedometer has long awaited critical experimental evaluation. We present the first experimental results on the fidelity of natural quartz‐hosted embayments in rhyolitic systems as recorders of magma decompression. We conducted two high pressure‐temperature isobaric equilibrium experiments and 13 constant‐rate, continuous isothermal decompression experiments in a cold‐seal pressure vessel where we imposed rates from 0.005 to 0.05 MPa s−1 in both H2O‐saturated and mixed‐volatile (H2O + CO2)‐saturated systems. In both equilibrium experiments, we successfully re‐equilibrated embayment melt to new fluid compositions at 780°C and 150 MPa, confirming the ability of embayments to respond to and record changing environmental conditions. Of the 32 glassy embayments recovered, seven met the criteria previously established for successful geospeedometry and were thus analyzed for their volatile (H2O ± CO2) concentrations, with each producing a good model fit and recovering close to the imposed decompression rate. In one H2O‐saturated experiment, modeling H2O concentration gradients in embayments from three separate crystals resulted in best‐fit decompression rates ranging from 0.012 to 0.021 MPa s−1, in close agreement with the imposed rate (0.015 MPa s−1) and attesting to the reproducibility of the technique. For mixed‐volatile experiments, we found that a slightly variable starting fluid composition (2.4–3.5 wt.% H2O at 150 MPa) resulted in good fits to both H2O + CO2 profiles. Overall our experiments provide confidence that the embayment is a robust recorder of constant‐rate, continuous decompression, with the model successfully extracting experimental conditions from profiles representing nearly an order of magnitude variation (0.008–0.05 MPa s−1) in decompression rate.

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Etna 2011–2022: Discoveries from a decade of activity at the volcano

Giuffrida,

Cardone,

Zuccarello

et al. 2023

Earth-Science Reviews

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The eruption run-up at Mt. Etna volcano: Constraining magma decompression rates and their relationships with the final eruptive energy

Cited by 9 publications

References 62 publications

Deciphering Clues Regarding Magma Composition Encoded in Quartz‐Hosted Embayments and Melt Inclusions Through Direct Numerical Simulations

Deciphering Clues Regarding Magma Composition Encoded in Quartz‐Hosted Embayments and Melt Inclusions Through Direct Numerical Simulations

Are We Recording? Putting Embayment Speedometry to the Test Using High Pressure‐Temperature Decompression Experiments

Etna 2011–2022: Discoveries from a decade of activity at the volcano

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