The Eruption of Submarine Rhyolite Lavas and Domes in the Deep Ocean – Havre 2012, Kermadec Arc

Ikegami, Fumihiko; McPhie, Jocelyn; Carey, Rebecca J.; Mundana, R.; Soule, Adam; Jutzeler, Martin

doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00147

Cited by 30 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In some cases, weak explosive eruptions may occur at water depths from 1500 to 500 m, while more intense explosive eruptions can occur at depths <500 m (Cas, 1992;Fiske et al, 1998;White et al, 2015b), but only if the volatile content, strain rate affecting magma in the conduit and gas over-pressures are high enough. Otherwise, coherent lavas, including highly vesicular pumice lavas, can form, as occurred during the 2012 submarine Havre eruption (Carey et al, 2018;Ikegami et al, 2018;Manga et al, 2018). Our calculations for deep-water pumiceous submarine rhyolite from Sumisu volcano, Izu-Bonin arc (Allen et al, 2010), are very similar.…”

Section: Confining (Hydrostatic) Pressure and The Physical State And mentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Since subaqueously erupting magmas decompress to much higher ambient pressures, particularly in deep water, compared with subaerial eruptions, this will significantly lower volatile exsolution and vesicle growth rates (Figure 2), and the level of gas over-pressure with increasing water depths. In magmas erupted at water depths (or under thick ice) and pressures where the rate of decompression, and the level of gas over-pressure are too low to drive explosive fragmentation, highly vesicular lavas, even with rhyolite compositions (Figures 5b-d; de Rosen-Spence et al, 1980;Furnes et al, 1980;Cas and Wright, 1987;Cas, 1992;McPhie et al, 1993;Scutter et al, 1998;Binns, 2003;Kano, 2003;Allen et al, 2010;Rotella et al, 2015;Carey et al, 2018;Ikegami et al, 2018;Manga et al, 2018), can form because gas bubbles will grow more slowly than under atmospheric conditions. The pre-historic rhyolite lava dome-forming eruption of Sumisu volcano at water depths from 430 to 1210 m (Allen et al, 2010), in which the magmatic H 2 O content was ∼5.5 wt%, produced highly vesicular, coherent pumice lava dome carapaces (Figures 5b-d).…”

Section: Non-explosive Growth Of Vesicles Producing Coherent Subaqueomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pre-historic rhyolite lava dome-forming eruption of Sumisu volcano at water depths from 430 to 1210 m (Allen et al, 2010), in which the magmatic H 2 O content was ∼5.5 wt%, produced highly vesicular, coherent pumice lava dome carapaces (Figures 5b-d). Similarly, the 2012 submarine Havre volcano eruption, at a water depth of ∼900 m, involving rhyolite magma with pre-eruption magmatic H 2 O content of 5.8 wt% was effusive, and produced lava domes with highly vesicular pumice carapaces (70% vesicles; Carey et al, 2018;Ikegami et al, 2018;Manga et al, 2018). Subaerially, such lavas would almost certainly have erupted explosively because gas over-pressures would have been much higher.…”

Section: Non-explosive Growth Of Vesicles Producing Coherent Subaqueomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, slope upon which lavas are erupted and flow can significantly affect the flow behavior and morphology of lavas (Ikegami et al, 2018).…”

Section: Effects Of (Hydrostatic) Pressure On Magma Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why Deep-Water Eruptions Are So Different From Subaerial Eruptions

Raymond

Simmons

2018

Front. Earth Sci.

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Magmas erupted in deep-water environments (>500 m) are subject to physical constraints very different to those for subaerial eruptions, including hydrostatic pressure, bulk modulus, thermal conductivity, heat capacity and the density of water mass, which are generally orders of magnitude greater than for air. Generally, the exsolved volatile content of the erupting magma will be lower because magmas decompress to hydrostatic pressures orders of magnitude greater than atmospheric pressure. At water depths and pressures greater than those equivalent to the critical points of H 2 O and CO 2 , exsolved volatiles are supercritical fluids, not gas, and so have limited ability to expand, let alone explosively. Gas overpressures are lower in deep submarine magmas relative to subaerial counterparts, limiting explosive expansion of gas bubbles to shallower waters. Explosive intensity is further minimized by the higher bulk modulus of water, relative to air. Higher retention of volatiles makes subaqueously erupted magmas less viscous, and more prone to fire fountaining eruption style compared with compositionally equivalent subaerial counterparts. The high heat capacity and thermal conductivity of (ambient) water makes effusively (and/or explosively) erupted magmas more prone to rapid cooling and quench fragmentation, producing non-explosive hyaloclastite breccia. Gaseous subaqueous eruption columns and hot water plumes form above both explosive and non-explosive eruptions, and these can entrain pyroclasts and pumice autoclasts upward. The height of such plumes is limited by the water depth and will show different buoyancy, dynamics, and height and dispersal capacity compared with subaerial eruption columns. Water ingress and condensation erosion of gas bubbles will be major factors in controlling column dynamics. Autoclasts and pyroclasts with an initial bulk density less than water can rise buoyantly, irrespective of plume buoyancy, which they cannot do in the atmosphere. Dispersal and sedimentation of clasts in water is affected by the rate at which buoyant clasts become waterlogged and sink, and by wind, waves, and oceanic currents, which can produce very circuitous dispersal patterns in floating pumice rafts. Floating pumice can abrade by frictional interaction with neighbors in a floating raft, and generate in transit, post-eruptive ash fallout unrelated to explosive activity or quench fragmentation.

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Section: Confining (Hydrostatic) Pressure and The Physical State And mentioning

confidence: 55%

Section: Non-explosive Growth Of Vesicles Producing Coherent Subaqueomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Non-explosive Growth Of Vesicles Producing Coherent Subaqueomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, slope upon which lavas are erupted and flow can significantly affect the flow behavior and morphology of lavas (Ikegami et al, 2018).…”

Section: Effects Of (Hydrostatic) Pressure On Magma Viscositymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why Deep-Water Eruptions Are So Different From Subaerial Eruptions

Raymond

Simmons

2018

Front. Earth Sci.

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“…To help tackle these challenges, remotely piloted and autonomous airborne systems offer paradigm-shifting potential for sampling and measurement from the inaccessible and hostile environments involved. In this review, we summarise such systems being applied in volcanology and the pro-activity [Ikegami et al 2018;Oshima et al 1991], exploring crater lakes [Watanabe et al 2016], gas sampling [Bares and Wettergreen 1999;Krotkov et al 1994;Muscato et al 2003], and mapping fissures [Parcheta et al 2016]. Here, we focus on airborne systems that are now widely available and seeing rapidly accelerating use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanological applications of unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS): Developments, strategies, and future challenges

James

Carr²,

D'Arcy³

et al. 2020

Volcanica

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Unoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) are developing into fundamental tools for tackling the grand challenges in volcanology; here, we review the systems used and their diverse applications. UAS can typically provide image and topographic data at two orders of magnitude better spatial resolution than space-based remote sensing, and close-range observations at temporal resolutions down to those of video frame rates. Responsive deployments facilitate dense time-series measurements, unique opportunities for geophysical surveys, sample collection from hostile environments such as volcanic plumes and crater lakes, and emergency deployment of ground-based sensors (and robots) into hazardous regions. UAS have already been used to support hazard management and decisionmakers during eruptive crises. As technologies advance, increased system capabilities, autonomy, and availabilitysupported by more diverse and lighter-weight sensors-will offer unparalleled potential for hazard monitoring. UAS are expected to provide opportunities for pivotal advances in our understanding of complex physical and chemical volcanic processes. Non-technical SummaryUnoccupied aircraft systems (UAS) are developing into essential tools for understanding and monitoring volcanoes. UAS can typically provide much more detailed imagery and 3-D maps of the Earth's surface, and more frequently, than satellites are able to. They can also make measurements and collect samples for geochemical analysis from hazardous regions such as volcanic plumes and near active vents. Through being quick to deploy, they offer key advantages during initial stages of volcano unrest as well as throughout eruptions. Data from UAS have already been used to support hazard management and decision-makers during crises. In the future, UAS will become increasingly capable of flying longer and more complex missions, more autonomously and with more sophisticated sensors, and are likely to become key components of broader sensor networks for monitoring and research.

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