The erratics of the English Chalk

Hawkes, Leonard

doi:10.1016/s0016-7878(51)80012-9

Cited by 10 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Gravels in the area are usually flint-dominated, interpreted as being sourced locally, either from pre-existing fluvial accumulations or from the underlying Lowestoft Formation diamicton sediment. A mixture of flint and a minor far-travelled component could have been, in part, derived from Lower Greensand (Lower Cretaceous) bedrock which is a potential source of erratic pebbles (Nicholls 1947;Wells et al, 1947;Hawkes 1951;Chatwin 1961). Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic strata within 20 km of Shouldham Thorpe contribute the material grouped as 'other' lithologies, such as ironstone.…”

Section: Gravel Lithologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Middle Pleistocene glaciofluvial sedimentation in western Norfolk, England

Gibbard

Boreham

West³

et al. 2012

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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Investigation of landforms on the eastern margin of the East Anglian Fenland basin has demonstrated that they represent a series of glaciofluvial delta-fan and related sediment accumulations (the Skertchly Line) deposited at the margin of an ice-lobe that entered the depression. This ‘Tottenhill glaciation’ dated to ca 160 ka, or the late Wolstonian (= late Saalian) Stage, is equivalent to that during the Netherlands' Drenthe Substage (Marine Isotope Stage 6). Of these landform complexes, an additional site at Shouldham Thorpe, previously nominated as the stratotype for deposits linked to a pre-Anglian Stage, Midlands'-derived Ingham/‘Bytham river’, has now been studied. Examination of the internal structure and form of the feature, using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), supported by section logging, borehole records, local landscape morphology and previous description, together indicate that the deposits rest on an eroded surface of Lowestoft Formation diamicton (Anglian Stage) and must therefore be of post-, rather than pre-Anglian age. The investigations indicate that the Shouldham deposits were laid down as a glacio-marginal subaerial (‘terminoglacial’) fan at the ice-front. In common with other sequences in the Skertchly Line complexes, deposition at Shouldham Thorpe was accompanied by minor ice-front movement, this fan potentially being deposited before retreat to the Tottenhill locality. The implications of the results are discussed.

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Section: Gravel Lithologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Middle Pleistocene glaciofluvial sedimentation in western Norfolk, England

Gibbard

Boreham

West³

et al. 2012

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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“…The Lower Greensand is a potential source of exotic pebbles (Nicholls ; Wells et al . ; Hawkes ; Chatwin ). Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic strata within 20 km of Feltwell contribute the material grouped as ‘other’ lithologies.…”

Section: Gravel Clast Lithological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The samples represent a mixture of flint and Chalk, and some often have a substantial exotic component. The Lower Greensand is a potential source of exotic pebbles (Nicholls 1947;Wells et al 1947;Hawkes 1951;Chatwin 1961). Lower Cretaceous and Jurassic strata within 20 km of Feltwell contribute the material grouped as 'other' lithologies.…”

Section: Gravel Clast Lithological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Middle Pleistocene ice‐marginal sedimentation in East Anglia, England

Gibbard¹,

West²,

Boreham³

et al. 2011

Boreas

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Investigation of isolated landforms on the eastern margin of the East Anglian Fenland at Feltwell and Methwold Hythe, Norfolk has demonstrated that they represent glacifluvial delta‐fan and related sediments. Section logging, borehole records and previous descriptions together indicate that the deposits were laid down as an ice‐marginal delta complex and feeder channel into a proglacial lake. The internal structure and form of the delta and related feeder channel have also been determined using ground‐penetrating radar. The sequence indicates deposition at the ice front, together with minor ice‐front movements, a substantial discharge event and repeated solutional collapse of the underlying bedrock. Postdepositional solifluction and cryoturbation also occurred. The glaciomarginal landform complexes form part of a line of delta‐fan and associated accumulations (the ‘Skertchly Line’) deposited at the margin of an ice lobe that entered the Fenland. Here the ice dammed westward‐aligned rivers to form a lake, here called Lake Paterson. These observations reinforce earlier descriptions of a late Middle Pleistocene glaciation of the Fenland termed the ‘Tottenhill glaciation’. Previous research concluded that the glaciation occurred at c. 160 ka, that is, during the late Wolstonian (= late Saalian) Stage (Drenthe Substage, early Marine Isotope Stage 6), a correlation supported by evidence from the North Sea floor. The implications of these conclusions are discussed.

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“…Exotic lithologies, including quartz, quartzite and volcanic/metamorphic rocks, represent components transported by river from the Midlands or by glaciation from northern Britain. A further possible source of exotic pebbles is the Lower Greensand in the region (Nicholls 1947; Wells et al . 1947; Hawkes 1951; Chatwin 1961).…”

Section: Gravel Clast Lithological Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Late Middle Pleistocene glaciation in East Anglia, England

Gibbard¹,

Pasanen²,

West³

et al. 2009

Boreas

110

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Investigation of a group of landforms and their underlying deposits on the eastern margin of the Fenland in East Anglia has demonstrated that they represent a series of glaciofluvial delta-fan and related sediments. Section logging, borehole records and previous descriptions combine to indicate that the sediments were deposited in icemarginal deltaic settings in an ice-marginal lake. The internal structure and form of the fan-like deltas has been demonstrated using extensive ground-penetrating radar investigation. The lake formed by the ice damming westward-aligned river valleys. Together, this evidence confirms historical descriptions of a glaciation of the Fenland, and clarifies the interpretation of gravels of the eastern Fenland margin. Recent reinterpretations of the latter as of fluvial rather than glacial meltwater origin are shown to be incorrect. It is concluded, on the basis of regional correlation, supported by optically stimulated luminescence dating, that the glaciation occurred at c. 160 kyr, i.e. in the Wolstonian (= Saalian) Stage (broadly equivalent to MIS ?11b-6). Comparison with The Netherlands' sequence shows a similarity of glacial marginal morphology, and the dates confirm the time equivalence with that during the late Saalian Drenthe Substage, Amersfoort ice-pushed ridge complex. The implications include that the c. 200 kyr interval, between the Hoxnian (Holsteinian) temperate Stage and the Wolstonian glaciation, was a period during which fluvial and periglacial activity modified the landscape under cold climates, with organic sediments laid down during warmer events. Palaeolithic humans were periodically present during this interval, their artefacts having been reworked by the subsequent glaciation.

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The erratics of the English Chalk

Cited by 10 publications

References 19 publications

Late Middle Pleistocene glaciofluvial sedimentation in western Norfolk, England

Late Middle Pleistocene glaciofluvial sedimentation in western Norfolk, England

Late Middle Pleistocene ice‐marginal sedimentation in East Anglia, England

Late Middle Pleistocene glaciation in East Anglia, England

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