“…Mutations in VPS41 can protect against a-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity in C. elegans and Parkinson's disease in mammalian model systems (Harrington et al, 2012;Ruan et al, 2010), and VPS41-deficient mouse embryos fail to develop beyond the gastrulation stage (Aoyama et al, 2012). In addition, the HOPS complex has been implicated in Ebola virus infection, EGFR trafficking, autophagolysosome formation and endosomal peptide loading of CD1d (Carette et al, 2011;Ganley et al, 2011;Chirivino et al, 2011;Garg et al, 2011). Mutations in the additional HOPS subunits VPS33b and SPE-39 cause complex multiorgan failures such as ARC syndrome, which is characterized by impairments in granule secretion and membrane fusion (Gissen et al, 2004;Cullinane et al, 2010).…”