The era of fake medicines: Investigating counterfeit medicinal products for erectile dysfunction disguised as herbal supplements

Semiquantitative X-ray Powder Diffraction Analysis in Counterfeit Medicines Investigation—The Viagra Example

“…The diffraction patterns of both these and other close compositions are similar for many strong reflections, so there is no point in time-consuming examinations (see Figures A17 and A18 in Appendix L). In addition, the study of heating sildenafil citrate monohydrate up to 200 • C was conducted earlier and it can be seen that the intensity of reflections changes significantly around 2θ ~7• and ~12 • 13.5 • for CuKα radiation [40] (please compare with our investigations in Figure A18). All calculations were performed for sildenafil citrate powder without water content, which cannot be excluded due to the absorption of water from the air, under the assumption that we are using an API standard of sildenafil citrate (Appendices A and B).…”

“…In this section powder diffraction data and patterns of sildenafil citrate, sildenafil citrate hemihydrate (or semihydrate) and sildenafil citrate monohydrate are collected (Figures A17 and A18). The powder diffraction patterns of sildenafil citrate and its modification under temperature have been presented in an article [40].…”

Quality of dorzolamide hydrochloride and timolol maleate containing eye drops distributed online

“…The main source is the internet ( WHO, 2017 , Vida et al, 2017 , Fittler et al, 2018b ) in developed countries. With the increasing online trade more and more low-quality pharmaceutical products enter into circulation ( Rahman et al, 2021 , Ho et al, 2022 ). Most of the studies from this field analysed the online availability and quality of medications or other healthcare products procured via the internet ( Orizio et al, 2011 , Norbutas, 2018 , Vida et al, 2017 , Vida et al, 2019 , Vida et al, 2020 ).…”