The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system

Dee, Dick; Uppala, S.; Simmons, A. J.; Berrisford, Paul; Poli, Paul; Kobayashi, Shinya; Andræ, Ulf; Balmaseda, Magdalena; Balsamo, Gianpaolo; Bauer, Péter; Bechtold, Peter; Beljaars, Anton; Berg, L. van de; Bidlot, Jean‐Raymond; Bormann, Niels; Delsol, C.; Dragani, Rossana; Fuentes, M.; Geer, Alan; Haimberger, Leo; Healy, S. B.; Hersbach, Hans; Hólm, Elías; Isaksen, Lars; Kållberg, Per; Köhler, Martin; Matricardi, Marco; McNally, A. P.; Monge-Sanz, Beatriz; Morcrette, Jean‐Jacques; Park, B.-K.; Peubey, Carole; Rosnay, Patricia de; Tavolato, Christina; Thépaut, Jean‐Noël; Vitart, Frédéric

doi:10.1002/qj.828

Cited by 21,792 publications

(16,505 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim; Dee et al 2011) monthly fields of MSLP, SAT, V10, and PPN from 1979 to 2011 (a 33-yr period) were used. ERAInterim was produced using the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System with a horizontal resolution of T255 (N128, ;80-km grid spacing), 60 vertical levels, and a model top of 0.1 hPa.…”

Section: A Reanalysis Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Amundsen–Bellingshausen Seas Low on the Climate of West Antarctica and Its Representation in Coupled Climate Model Simulations

et al. 2013

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In contrast to earlier studies, the authors describe the climatological deep low pressure system that exists over the South Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean, referred to as the Amundsen-Bellingshausen Seas low (ABSL), in terms of its relative (rather than actual) central pressure by removing the background areaaveraged mean sea level pressure (MSLP). Doing so removes much of the influence of large-scale variability across the ABSL sector region (e.g., due to the southern annular mode), allowing a clearer understanding of ABSL variability and its effect on the regional climate of West Antarctica. Using ECMWF Interim ReAnalysis (ERA-Interim) fields, the annual cycle of the relative central pressure of the ABSL for the period from 1979 to 2011 shows a minimum (maximum) during winter (summer), differing considerably from the earlier studies based on actual central pressure, which suggests a semiannual oscillation. The annual cycle of the longitudinal position of the ABSL is insensitive to the background pressure, and shows it shifting westward from ;2508 to ;2208E between summer and winter, in agreement with earlier studies. The authors demonstrate that ABSL variability, and in particular its longitudinal position, play an important role in controlling the surface climate of West Antarctica and the surrounding ocean by quantifying its influence on key meteorological parameters. Examination of the ABSL annual cycle in 17 CMIP5 climate models run with historical forcing shows that the majority of them have definite biases, especially in terms of longitudinal position, and a correspondingly poor representation of West Antarctic climate.

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Section: A Reanalysis Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Influence of the Amundsen–Bellingshausen Seas Low on the Climate of West Antarctica and Its Representation in Coupled Climate Model Simulations

et al. 2013

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“…RACMO2.3 has been adapted for use over the large ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica ; it includes a multilayer snow model to calculate melt, percolation, refreezing, and runoff of liquid water (Ettema et al 2010); a prognostic scheme for snow grain size to calculate surface albedo (Kuipers Munneke et al 2011); and a routine that simulates the interaction of drifting snow with the surface and the lower atmosphere (Lenaerts et al 2012a). ERA-Interim data with 6-hourly resolution from January 1979 to December 2013 (Dee et al 2011) are used to force the model at the lateral atmospheric boundaries as well as at the lower ocean boundaries by prescribing sea ice fraction and sea surface temperatures. Tests with different relaxation zones have confirmed that the relaxation zone is sufficiently wide that the model interior ( Fig.…”

Section: A Regional Atmospheric Climate Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and Wind Climate of the Antarctic Peninsula as Simulated by a High-Resolution Regional Atmospheric Climate Model

et al. 2015

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Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-pro t purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details. ABSTRACTThe latest polar version of the Regional Atmospheric Climate Model (RACMO2.3) has been applied to the Antarctic Peninsula (AP). In this study, the authors present results of a climate run at 5.5 km for the period 1979-2013, in which RACMO2.3 is forced by ERA-Interim atmospheric and ocean surface fields, using an updated AP surface topography. The model results are evaluated with near-surface temperature and wind measurements from 12 manned and automatic weather stations and vertical profiles from balloon soundings made at three stations. The seasonal cycle of near-surface temperature and wind is simulated well, with most biases still related to the limited model resolution. High-resolution climate maps of temperature and wind showing that the AP climate exhibits large spatial variability are discussed. Over the steep and high mountains of the northern AP, large west-to-east climate gradients exist, while over the gentle southern AP mountains the near-surface climate is dominated by katabatic winds. Over the flat ice shelves, where katabatic wind forcing is weak, interannual variability in temperature is largest. Finally, decadal trends of temperature and wind are presented, and it is shown that recently there has been distinct warming over the northwestern AP and cooling over the rest of the AP, related to changes in sea ice cover.

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“…The estimate has 18 zonal resolution and a meridional resolution ranging from about 0.258 near the equator and poles to 18 at midlatitudes. An initial (then adjusted) meteorological forcing is derived from the Interim European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERAInterim; Dee et al 2011). A numerical algorithm for fitting using the Lagrange multipliers is sometimes known as the ''adjoint method'' or in meteorology as fourdimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR).…”

Section: A Framework: the State Estimatementioning

confidence: 99%

Bidecadal Thermal Changes in the Abyssal Ocean

Wunsch

Heimbach

2014

Journal of Physical Oceanography

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A dynamically consistent state estimate is used for the period 1992-2011 to describe the changes in oceanic temperatures and heat content, with an emphasis on determining the noise background in the abyssal (below 2000 m) depths. Interpretation requires close attention to the long memory of the deep ocean, implying that meteorological forcing of decades to thousands of years ago should still be producing trendlike changes in abyssal heat content. Much of the deep-ocean volume remained unobserved. At the present time, warming is seen in the deep western Atlantic and Southern Oceans, roughly consistent with those regions of the ocean expected to display the earliest responses to surface disturbances. Parts of the deeper ocean, below 3600 m, show cooling. Most of the variation in the abyssal Pacific Ocean is comparatively featureless, consistent with the slow, diffusive approach to a steady state expected there. In the global average, changes in heat content below 2000 m are roughly 10% of those inferred for the upper ocean over the 20-yr period. A useful global observing strategy for detecting future change has to be designed to account for the different time and spatial scales manifested in the observed changes. If the precision estimates of heat content change are independent of systematic errors, determining oceanic heat uptake values equivalent to 0.1 W m 22 is possibly attainable over future bidecadal periods.

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The ERA‐Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system

Cited by 21,792 publications

References 110 publications

The Influence of the Amundsen–Bellingshausen Seas Low on the Climate of West Antarctica and Its Representation in Coupled Climate Model Simulations

The Influence of the Amundsen–Bellingshausen Seas Low on the Climate of West Antarctica and Its Representation in Coupled Climate Model Simulations

Temperature and Wind Climate of the Antarctic Peninsula as Simulated by a High-Resolution Regional Atmospheric Climate Model

Bidecadal Thermal Changes in the Abyssal Ocean

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