The equine neck and its function during movement and locomotion

Zsoldos, Rebeka R.; Licka, Theresia

doi:10.1016/j.zool.2015.03.005

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…According to the results of the present research, the neck angle had a behavior of sinusoidal oscillation (Fig.4), which was consistent with the study of Zsoldos & Licka (2015) which characterized the neck and head movement during gait. They stated that the segment between the neck base and the head has an oscillating movement with certain amplitude in horses with a normal gait.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool for the diagnosis of lameness

et al. 2018

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Horses with lameness modify gait behavior, but when it is subtle, it may not be possible to identify it clinically. The objective of this research is to characterize the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses by combining photogrammetry and accelerometry to monitor lameness to indicate a structural or functional disorder in the extremities. The study was conducted in 23 adult male Warmblood horses. Photogrammetry was used to identify the kinematic variables of the limbs and the markers path over time; triaxial accelerometers were used to capture the orthogonal acceleration components. It was determined that only 10 horses showed a normal gait pattern, there was a 43% correspondence between the expert´s judgment and the diagnostic techniques. According to the Stashak classification of the gait phases, cycle phases to forelimb were 34/4/8/13/41, while for hind limb were 54/11/8/8/19 (% of the stride). The range of motion (ROM) of the neck, knee and fetlock joints was 45.52±5.63°, 196.04±19.7° and 209±11.52° respectively. A combination of experimental methods was used to identify the phases of gait cycle of healthy horses. There was a correspondence in the location of the points of maximum displacement of the limbs with both techniques. More detailed information on the limbs movement was obtained using the accelerometer technology. These methods are applicable to other conditions either outdoors or in the lab.INDEX TERMS: Gait, horses, Warmblood, lameness, photogrammetry, accelerometry, equine, limb injuries, clinics. Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool for the diagnosis of lameness Uma combinação dos métodos experimentais foi utilizada para identificar as fases do ciclo de marcha de cavalos saudáveis. Constatou-se correspondência na localização dos pontos de deslocamento máximo do membro com ambas as técnicas. A informação mais detalhada do movimento dos membros foi obtida usando a acelerometria. Estes métodos são aplicáveis em outras condições, quer a campo ou no laboratório.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In this respect, Zsoldos & Licka (2015) characterized the importance of the neck movement and its relationship with injuries. Rhodin et al (2016) studied the neck movement in regards to the symmetry of the pelvis and head movements of trotting horses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool for the diagnosis of lameness

et al. 2018

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“…); elevating and depressing the head for grazing, gnawing, or digging (Pellis and Officer ; Du Toit ; Reichman and Smith ; Lessa et al. ; Zsoldos and Licka ); and combating conspecifics (Kitchener ; Stankowich ). Consistent with their functional roles, the atlas and axis appear to exhibit broad morphological diversity across mammals.…”

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confidence: 99%

Head‐turning morphologies: Evolution of shape diversity in the mammalian atlas–axis complex

et al. 2019

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Mammals flex, extend, and rotate their spines as they perform behaviors critical for survival, such as foraging, consuming prey, locomoting, and interacting with conspecifics or predators. The atlas–axis complex is a mammalian innovation that allows precise head movements during these behaviors. Although morphological variation in other vertebral regions has been linked to ecological differences in mammals, less is known about morphological specialization in the cervical vertebrae, which are developmentally constrained in number but highly variable in size and shape. Here, we present the first phylogenetic comparative study of the atlas–axis complex across mammals. We used spherical harmonics to quantify 3D shape variation of the atlas and axis across a diverse sample of species, and performed phylogenetic analyses to investigate if vertebral shape is associated with body size, locomotion, and diet. We found that differences in atlas and axis shape are partly explained by phylogeny, and that mammalian subclades differ in morphological disparity. Atlas and axis shape diversity is associated with differences in body size and locomotion; large terrestrial mammals have craniocaudally elongated vertebrae, whereas smaller mammals and aquatic mammals have more compressed vertebrae. These results provide a foundation for investigating functional hypotheses underlying the evolution of neck morphologies across mammals.

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“…The largest angular changes occur in the upper and lower cervical regions, while the mid‐cervical segments move to a lesser degree . Compressive forces are higher on the cranial aspect of the joint during extension and more on the caudal aspect of the joint during flexion , and joint moments created during flexion and extension are greatest in the caudal spinal segments . Thus, it is somewhat surprising that properties of facet joint cartilage were not found to vary across spinal levels or between surfaces, given the variation in mobility across the cervical spine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical and biomechanical characterisation of equine cervical facet joint cartilage

O’Leary

White

et al. 2018

Equine Veterinary Journal

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The equine neck and its function during movement and locomotion

Cited by 30 publications

References 83 publications

Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool for the diagnosis of lameness

Analysis and characterization of the normal gait phases of walking Warmblood horses as a tool for the diagnosis of lameness

Head‐turning morphologies: Evolution of shape diversity in the mammalian atlas–axis complex

Biochemical and biomechanical characterisation of equine cervical facet joint cartilage

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