The equine metabolism of the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase enzyme inhibitor nitecapone

Abstract

The abuse of performance-enhancing catecholamine-based stimulants, such as levodopa, is controlled in horse racing through the application of a regulatory threshold for the common major metabolite. However, catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme inhibitors can be used to restrict the catalysis of the stimulant, and so the concurrent administration of both substances would be a viable strategy to enhance racing performance while removing the risk of exceeding the threshold. A 200 mg dose of nitecapone, a COMT inhibitor, was administered to a Thoroughbred horse, and we have analysed the blood (≤24 h) and urine (≤48 h) samples that were collected. The extracts, analysed by UHPLC coupled to a high-resolution accurate mass spectrometer, were consistent with the presence of nitecapone glucuronide in all the samples collected. An in-depth examination of the samples was then carried out using targeted accurate mass extracted ion chromatograms to identify whether the metabolites that have been found in other species were also present in the extracts.Once these were tentatively identified, MS/MS experiments were conducted on some of the metabolites (M1-M5), as well as decomposition products (DP1 and DP2), to verify that spectrum included MS fragments were consistent with their proposed structures. The accumulated data provided evidence that is consistent with this drug having been converted into many metabolites and a few decomposition products. An unexpected finding was that O-methylation was a very minor pathway until after the reduction of the 2,4-pentanedione side chain had occurred.

Biomarker analysis

“…Concurrent administration of levodopa and COMT inhibitors would be a viable strategy to enhance racing performance while reducing the risk of exceeding the urinary threshold for levodopa metabolite, 3‐methoxytyramine (3‐MT). Stanley et al 15 report an investigation into a COMT inhibitor, nitecapone, to show screening of the parent substance following enzyme hydrolysis of urine samples can provide effective race‐day doping control. Elbourne et al 16 investigated a broader approach to expand on the currently applied urinary 3‐MT threshold of 4 μg/ml, with measurement of tyrosine as an endogenous reference compound (ERC) for a biomarker ratio (3‐MT/Tyr).…”