The Equine Immune System

Reed, Stephen M.

doi:10.1016/b0-72-169777-1/50003-2

Cited by 26 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 232 publications

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“…In autumn or late summer 2013 all food samples had an adequate hygienic quality. An increased contamination of bacteria correlated to primary bacterial hepatitis could not be found; furthermore the horses did not show any corresponding clinical symptoms (Reed et al 2010). Mycotoxins are believed to cause hepatic damage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In dogs, the most common serum chemistry abnormality observed in association with hyperadrenocorticism include increased serum alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), which is found in 85 to 90 % of dogs (Peterson 1984, Herrtage und Peterson 1984, Feldman und Nelson 2004, Kintzer und Peterson 2006. In horses the pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction is also associated with an increase in serum ACTH concentration and increases in serum liver enzyme activities (Reed et al 2010) or likewise in iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism (Cohen and Carter 1992). Further studies are necessary to ascertain whether the seasonal fluctuations in serum ACTH is associated with changes in liver parameters.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Liver disease may be based on toxic, viral, bacterial, parasitic, metabolic, genetic or neoplastic causes (Reed et al 2010, Schusser et al 2007. Also cholelithiasis and serum associated hepatitis have been described (Reed et al 2010). A retrospective case review based on results of hepatic histologic examinations suggested that because of the distribution of lesions within the hepatic lobule, horses appeared to be prone to injury from food and digestive system borne insults, as well as toxins within the systemic circulation (Hackett et al 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although several horses are in good health these screenings reveal increased serum activities of gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT), glutamate-dehydrogenase (GLDH) as well as aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) without any corresponding clinical signs. Aside from routine medical chekkups, the serum activities of GGT, GLDH and the concentrations of bile acids, conjugated bilirubin as well as of ammonia are assessed with the intention of investigating hepatic damage or disease (Reed et al 2010). Liver disease may be based on toxic, viral, bacterial, parasitic, metabolic, genetic or neoplastic causes (Reed et al 2010, Schusser et al 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aside from routine medical chekkups, the serum activities of GGT, GLDH and the concentrations of bile acids, conjugated bilirubin as well as of ammonia are assessed with the intention of investigating hepatic damage or disease (Reed et al 2010). Liver disease may be based on toxic, viral, bacterial, parasitic, metabolic, genetic or neoplastic causes (Reed et al 2010, Schusser et al 2007. Also cholelithiasis and serum associated hepatitis have been described (Reed et al 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Monthly changes of standard serum liver parameters of clinically healthy horses over a period of 24 months

Gabe¹,

Fedtke²,

Pankraz³

et al. 2018

PHK

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Summary: Horses that are in good health sometimes reveal in routine blood screenings increased serum activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), glutamate-dehydrogenase (GLDH) as well as aspartate-aminotransferase (AST) without any corresponding clinical signs. For that reason, the aim of this study was to assess physiological changes of standard serum liver parameters in a population of normal warmblood horses in training over a period of 24 months. The study was conducted between March 2012 and February 2014. The study population consisted of 14 clinically healthy warmblood horses that were used as police horses. Body weight, body condition score and nutrition history were assessed monthly. The nutrient supply was calculated by ration formulation. Throughout the study feed samples of hay, straw, oats and complementary feeds were obtained on a monthly basis as well as blood samples (n = 334). A complete blood count was performed. The clinical chemistry panel consisted of serum hepatic enzyme activity evaluation including GGT, GLDH, AST as well as the analysis of total bilirubin, bile acids, total protein and albumin. The median hematological parameter as the median serum concentrations of bilirubin, bile acids, total protein and albumin were within the upper reference ranges. In certain months the median activities of AST, GGT and GLDH exceeded the upper reference limits. Furthermore, significant seasonal fluctuations (p < 0.05) of bile acids, AST, GGT and GLDH were assessed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Monthly changes of standard serum liver parameters of clinically healthy horses over a period of 24 months

Gabe¹,

Fedtke²,

Pankraz³

et al. 2018

PHK

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Do post‐surgical multiresistant urinary infections occur in horses? Case of unilateral pyelonephritis caused by extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐producing bacteria as a complication of cystotomy

Scala¹,

Galen

Skärlina³

et al. 2023

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Pyelonephritis is a serious condition that is rarely described in horses. In contrast, urinary tract infections are common in humans and small animals, and multi‐drug‐resistant urinary infections are an emerging threat. In this report, we describe a horse with unilateral pyelonephritis caused by extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐producing bacteria belonging to the Enterobacter cloacae complex. [Correction added on 9 August 2023, after first online publication: The preceding sentence was corrected.] An 11‐year‐old Swedish warmblood gelding was diagnosed with a cystolith and a cystotomy through an open left para‐inguinal approach was performed. Seven days after surgery the horse presented with pyrexia, dullness and colic. Diagnostic testing and renal transabdominal ultrasonography confirmed the presence of a right‐sided pyelonephritis. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed a pure growth of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamases‐producing E. cloacae complex bacteria with resistance against beta‐lactams, aminoglycoside and trimethoprim–sulphonamide classes. Treatment included prolonged oral antimicrobials according to susceptibility testing results (enrofloxacin), judicious use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, fluid therapy and gastric ulcer prophylaxis. The horse recovered successfully and is currently in good health (follow‐up of 5 years). Once the infection resolved, unilateral renal scarring occurred. Multidrug‐resistant upper‐urinary infections occur in horses and should be considered in a post‐surgical patient that develops fever. Early diagnosis, urine bacterial culturing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were crucial in this case to successful management.

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Seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in Arabian horses

Lotfi

Borujeni

Ghorbanpoor

et al. 2022

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Background Brucellosis, as a zoonotic disease, mainly occurs in horses by Brucella abortus, Brucella canis and Brucella suis. The disease in equines is often asymptomatic, but the clinical signs in horses are mostly characterized by bursitis, arthritis and tenosynovitis. Objectives This study, thus, aimed to determine the seroprevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in the Arabian horses of Khuzestan province, South‐west Iran. Methods To that end, the blood samples randomly collected from 180 Arabian horses were analyzed for the presence of anti‐Brucella antibodies by Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), serum agglutination test (SAT), 2‐mercaptoethanol test (2‐ME) and a commercial i‐ELISA kit. Results The ROC curve analysis showed that the best cut‐off point for S/P values in i‐ELISA turned out to be 26.25%. The results showed that the overall seroprevalence of brucellosis based on parallel interpretation of the test results was 12.22% (Positive/Tested = 22/180). The prevalence of acute and chronic brucellosis was 8.3 and 3.9%, respectively. The seroprevalence of brucellosis with RBPT and i‐ELISA methods was 1.11% (2/180) and 7.22% (13/180), respectively. According to what SAT revealed, 9.44% (17/180) of sera had a titer of 40 or greater, and at 2‐ME, 7.22% of samples (13 out of 180 samples) depicted a titer of 40. The results of i‐ELISA, SAT and 2‐ME were significantly different from those of RBPT (p < 0.01); however, there was no significant difference between i‐ELISA, SAT and 2‐ME in findings (p > 0.05). Conclusions The results of this study recommend that i‐ELISA be used for screening purposes of brucellosis in horses. The findings confirmed that Arabian horses are natural hosts for the Brucellae. It is, thus, necessary to adopt appropriate prevention and control programs by health authorities and horse owners so as to reduce the distribution and transmission of the infection in the regions where brucellosis is prevalent.

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The Equine Immune System

Cited by 26 publications

References 232 publications

Monthly changes of standard serum liver parameters of clinically healthy horses over a period of 24 months

Monthly changes of standard serum liver parameters of clinically healthy horses over a period of 24 months

Do post‐surgical multiresistant urinary infections occur in horses? Case of unilateral pyelonephritis caused by extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase‐producing bacteria as a complication of cystotomy

Seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in Arabian horses

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