The equation of vacuum state and the structure formation in universe

Abstract

The vacuum is considered as some "fluid" emergent from the zero-point fluctuations of the quantum fields contributing into the vacuum energy density and pressure. The equation of vacuum state and the speed of vacuum sound-waves are deduced under the assumption of zero vacuum entropy. Evolution of the background space-time metric resembles that of the Milne's-like universe. In the framework of the five-vector theory of gravitation allowing an arbitrary choice of the energy density reference level, the dynamics of the vacuum, pressureless matter, and space-time metrics perturbations is traced under this background. The obtained results show the very early formation of the Universe structure without the need of dark matter. Thus, a vacuum can be considered as some type of the dark-energy-matter unification.

Vacuum Polarization Instead of “Dark Matter” in a Galaxy

“…corresponding to a spatially uniform, isotropic and flat universe, where the Friedmann equations take the form [11,41,42]:…”

“…For the mass contributions of particles and condensates, we imply the Pauli sum rules [44,46]. These rules are not fulfilled at this moment due to the incompleteness of the standard model.…”

“…Other contributors to the vacuum energy density are the terms depending on the derivatives of the universe expansion rate [10,41,42,46]. They have the correct order of magnitude ρ v ∼ M 2 p H 2 , where H is the Hubble constant, and explain the accelerated expansion of the universe driven by the residual energy density and pressure [10,41,42,46]:…”

“…Generally, a vacuum could also be considered as some fluid (e.g., see [28][29][30]), i.e., "aether" [54], but with some stochastic properties along with its elastic ones [42,46,55]. Here we are interested in its elastic properties only.…”

“…In principle, the system (18,19,20,21,22,23,42,43) is a fundamental system allowing to consider a broad range of cosmological and astrophysical phenomena including CMB and BAO. However below, we restrict ourselves to a galactic DM, which scales from kpc to Mpc.…”