The Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Lebanon

Garrard, Andrew

doi:10.1017/9781316106754.076

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…One might expect the forested mountain setting to have led to more cultural isolation and less broad-scale interaction than in other regions. At present, there is no archaeological evidence that farming had developed in this area prior to the end of the PPNB, and it is possible that more traditional hunter-gatherer lifestyles persisted in this region (Garrard 2017). However, although the database is extremely limited, the social traditions, as reflected in mortuary practice, do appear to tie in with other areas of the Levant through the periods for which we have evidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…The extent to which these developments occurred within this time range in the forested mountain environments of western Lebanon and the degrees of interaction within the wider community are not well understood. It is possible that farming was a later arrival in this area (Cauvin and Cauvin 1993;Garrard 2017). Recent excavations at Moghr el-Ahwal in northern Lebanon are beginning to address some of these issues, and one important aspect is the burial record.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Excavation took place across a 30 sq m area (grid shown in Fig. 2), where the depth of archaeological deposits was only 50 cm but comprised 43 separate loci, spanning six phases of occupation (F to A) (Garrard andYazbeck 2008: 2013). The deposits were held in place by a raised bedrock-sill across the front of the cave.…”

Section: Contextmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic burials from the north Lebanese highlands in their regional context

Garrard

Edwards

Stock

et al. 2018

Levant

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Archaeological human remains and their funerary contexts provide valuable insights into social and ideological lives as well as the origins, health and activities of past communities. In the southern Levant extensive cemeteries from the Late Epipalaeolithic (Natufian) and Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPN) have been recognized, although burials from earlier periods are sparse. Elsewhere in the Levant the record from the whole Epipalaeolithic is poor. Excavations at two adjacent caves at Moghr el-Ahwal in the Qadisha Valley of northern Lebanon have provided a window into human lives and mortuary practices from an otherwise poorly known region. This includes material from contexts with radiocarbon dates ranging from the late Kebaran, Geometric Kebaran and Natufian (c. 19-13.8 ka cal BP) as well as directly dated skeletal material from the mid to late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (c. 9.9-9.5 ka cal BP). Although this forested mountain area may have been isolated from other regions in the Levant, the burial practices show links to the wider area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic burials from the north Lebanese highlands in their regional context

Garrard

Edwards

Stock

et al. 2018

Levant

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“…This is due to multiple factors, such as research biases or limited shell publications, as well as possible true absences of PPNB sites or shell assemblages in some regions (i.e. [89] for Lebanon). Regarding the desert zone, it has been suggested that a distinct PPNB 'province', encompassing the Negev highlands, western Negev and northern Sinai can be recognised [63: p. 143-150, fig.…”

Section: Sites Chosen For Comparisonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Making ties and social identities: Drawing connections between PPNB communities as based on shell bead typology

Schechter,

Reese,

Bar-Yosef Mayer

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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People tend to belong to multiple social circles, which construct and reflect a person’s social identity. Group affiliation is embodied and may be expressed by personal adornment. Personal adornment in general has multiple functions in human societies, among them the assimilation and transmission of different aspects of personal and collective, social and cultural identity. Beads in general, including shell beads, often constitute parcels of composite adornment, and as such are used in different configurations to portray these messages. The shared use of similar bead types by different individuals and communities indicates the mutual affiliation of the sharing parties to the same cultural circles and reflects social ties and relationships. The Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) period in the Levant is a time of pivotal changes to human lifeways necessitating profound adjustments in all aspects of life, including social relations and networks. Here we use the shell bead assemblage from the cultic-mortuary aggregation site of Kfar HaHoresh, in comparison to shell bead assemblages from multiple other sites in the Levant, as a proxy for the exploration of local and regional networks and connections between PPNB communities. Multivariate analyses of shell bead type distribution patterns across the Levant demonstrate that some types were widely shared among different communities, characterising different geographic regions, while others were rare or unique, highlighting relationships between sites and regions, which are occasionally independent of geographic proximity. Specific occurrences of shared shell bead types between Kfar HaHoresh and compared sites further illuminate the web of connections between PPNB communities in the Levant and the varying breadths of sharing-patterns reflect the hierarchical nature of the underlying social circles. Outlining these widening social affiliations sheds light on the complex structure of Neolithic social identity.

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“…The Epipaleolithic in the Levant (ca. 24-11.5 ka cal BP), corresponding to the terminal Pleistocene, is the period characterized by temporally and geographically diverse cultural and socioeconomic changes that immediately precede the development of agropastoralism in the Neolithic (e.g., Byrd and Garrard 2017;Garrard 2017;Goring-Morris 1998;Goring-Morris and Belfer-Cohen 2017;Grosman and Munro 2017;Henry 1992;Kislev and Simchoni 2017;Munro and Grosman 2019;Olszewski 2017). For example, the Natufian culture of the Late Epipaleolithic (ca.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epipaleolithic Hunting in an Arid Area of the Levant: Faunal Remains from Tor Hamar, Southern Jordan

HIROSE,

BELMAKER,

KADOWAKI

et al. 2022

Orient

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This paper analyzes the Mushabian (ca. 15000 cal BP) animal bones newly obtained from Tor Hamar, one of the Epipaleolithic sites located in the southern marginal arid regions of Jordan. We evaluate diachronic trends in the faunal compositions by comparing four sub-regions in the southern Levant. Although the taxonomic composition of Tor Hamar fauna was slightly different from previous reports, the general trend was similar to the previous one. Numerically, NISP (n = 447) was dominated by small and medium ungulates (90.8%) including Gazella sp. and Capra sp. while small games such as hares, tortoises, and birds were rare. In contrast to the Mediterranean coastal region, the taxonomic composition fit the trends observed in the Negev and the inland Jordanian steppe, where the proportions of small ungulates and small animals do not clearly increase over time.We examined the culling profile of gazelles by constructing survivorship curves based on bone fusion data. The results indicated that the Mushabian people occupied the site in winter. Furthermore, the gazelle fusion rate of the site is consistent with a gradual increase in the relative abundance of gazelle juveniles. A trend observed from the Early Epipaleolithic to the Late Epipaleolithic in the arid to steppe area, consistent with the finds from the Mediterranean region. This might suggest an increase in hunting pressure on gazelles in the areas of the southern Levant during the Epipaleolithic.The Mushabian faunal composition at Tor Hamar, characterized by the low proportion of small ungulates and small games with a slightly higher proportion of juvenile gazelle individuals, is comparable the Epipaleolithic faunal assemblages in the Negev. Thus, geographic variability is a key aspect that requires more investigations for deeper understanding of the changes in Epipaleolithic faunal exploitations in the southern Levant.

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The Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Lebanon

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic burials from the north Lebanese highlands in their regional context

Epipalaeolithic and Pre-Pottery Neolithic burials from the north Lebanese highlands in their regional context

Making ties and social identities: Drawing connections between PPNB communities as based on shell bead typology

Epipaleolithic Hunting in an Arid Area of the Levant: Faunal Remains from Tor Hamar, Southern Jordan

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