The Epidemiology of Varicose Veins: The Framingham Study

Brand, Frederick N.; Dannenberg, Andrew L.; Abbott, Robert D.; Kannel, William B.

doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)31203-0

Cited by 459 publications

(335 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Additionally, obesity is a well-known factor influencing venous blood flow from lower limbs and increases the risk of varicose veins, especially in women [40][41][42][43][44]. In our study, varicose veins were observed more frequently in obese patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Stability of peritoneal tissue evaluated by the means of DSC in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Torres

Trębacz

Pietrzyk

et al. 2017

J Therm Anal Calorim

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Obesity is considered to be the leading metabolic disease in the world. The coincidence of postoperative complications is higher in obese individuals; thus, laparoscopic techniques due to their minimally invasive character became a standard in the surgical treatment of obesity. The proper function of peritoneal tissue is essential for the response to surgical trauma. Therefore, understanding the alterations of peritoneal tissue of obese individuals might explain the increased number of postoperative complications observed in obese patients. The study aimed to assess whether the stability of peritoneum is altered in obese patients and whether it corresponds to early postoperative complications in obese patients. Samples of parietal peritoneal tissue were collected at the beginning of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy from 80 patients. Differential scanning calorimetry was performed on samples defrosted at room temperature. Patients were divided into three groups according to the BMI value. For statistical analysis, ANOVA, Chi-square, Student's t test, and correlations with Pearson test were used. Significantly lower DH and higher T m were in patients in whom intraperitoneal adhesions were reported. Lower DH was reported in samples obtained from patients with temperature above 37°C in the first 24 h postoperatively. Enthalpy of thermal transition (DH) in peritoneum obtained from parous was significantly lower in comparison with the samples from nullipara. It can be concluded that DSC parameters correlated with parameters related to the early postoperative period. Occurrence of adhesions was reported more frequently in the group of obese and overweight individuals and correlated with lower change in enthalpy of collagen denaturation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Stability of peritoneal tissue evaluated by the means of DSC in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Torres

Trębacz

Pietrzyk

et al. 2017

J Therm Anal Calorim

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“…7 The aim of this study was to investigate if there is a direct relationship between increased BMI and primary venous disease severity and concomitant primary deep venous reflux.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The relationship between increased body mass index and primary venous disease severity and concomitant deep primary venous reflux

Vines

Gemayel

Christenson

2013

Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders

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“…The rate of varicose vein development may be estimated from the Framingham Heart Study, which found an annual incidence of 2.6% in women and 1.9% in men. 4 Risk factors found to be associated with CVI include age, sex, a family history of varicose veins, obesity, pregnancy, phlebitis, and previous leg injury. 5,6 There also may be environmental or behavioral factors associated with CVI such as prolonged standing and perhaps a sitting posture at work.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

2005

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C hronic venous disease is often overlooked by primary and cardiovascular care providers because of an underappreciation of the magnitude and impact of the problem. The importance of chronic venous disease is related to the number of people with the disease and the socioeconomic impact of its more severe manifestations. Unfortunately, the literature concerning the prevalence and incidence of chronic venous disease has varied greatly because of differences in the methods of evaluation, criteria for definition, and the geographic regions analyzed. The most common manifestations of chronic venous disease are dilated cutaneous veins, such as telangiectases and reticular veins, and varicose veins. The term chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) describes a condition that affects the venous system of the lower extremities with venous hypertension causing various pathologies including pain, swelling, edema, skin changes, and ulcerations. Although the term CVI is often used to exclude uncomplicated varicose veins, varicose veins have incompetent valves with increased venous pressure leading to progressive dilation and tortuosity. We will use the term CVI to represent the full spectrum of manifestations of chronic venous disease.Varicose veins have an estimated prevalence between 5% to 30% in the adult population, with a female to male predominance of 3 to 1, although a more recent study supports a higher male prevalence. 1 The Edinburgh Vein Study screened 1566 subjects with duplex ultrasound for reflux finding CVI in 9.4% of men and 6.6% of women, after age adjustment, which rose significantly with age (21.2% in men Ͼ50 years old, and 12.0% in women Ͼ50 years old). 2 The San Valentino Vascular Screening Project found among the 30 000 subjects evaluated by clinical assessment and duplex ultrasound a prevalence of 7% for varicose veins and 0.86% for "symptomatic" CVI. 3 As in previous studies, CVI was more common with increasing age, but there was no significant sex difference. The rate of varicose vein development may be estimated from the Framingham Heart Study, which found an annual incidence of 2.6% in women and 1.9% in men. 4 Risk factors found to be associated with CVI include age, sex, a family history of varicose veins, obesity, pregnancy, phlebitis, and previous leg injury. 5,6 There also may be environmental or behavioral factors associated with CVI such as prolonged standing and perhaps a sitting posture at work. 6,7 Varicose veins have a significant impact on healthcare resources, with millions of people seeking medical attention for their cosmetic appearance annually. Although often minimized, the cosmetic consequences may adversely affect an individual's quality of life and are associated with other manifestations.The more serious consequences of CVI such as venous ulcers have an estimated prevalence of Ϸ0.3%, although active or healed ulcers are seen in Ϸ1% of the adult population. 8 It has been estimated that Ϸ2.5 million people have CVI in the United States, and of those, Ϸ20% develop venous ulcers. 9 The ov...

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The Epidemiology of Varicose Veins: The Framingham Study

Cited by 459 publications

References 17 publications

Stability of peritoneal tissue evaluated by the means of DSC in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Stability of peritoneal tissue evaluated by the means of DSC in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy

The relationship between increased body mass index and primary venous disease severity and concomitant deep primary venous reflux

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

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