The Epidemiology of Traumatic Brain Injury: A Review

Bruns, John; Hauser, W. Allen

doi:10.1046/j.1528-1157.44.s10.3.x

Cited by 1,010 publications

(740 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(78 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

620

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In developed countries, the annual incidence rates are approximately 200 per 100,000 [1]. The greater the severity of TBI, the greater the economic burden on healthcare providers [2,3], particularly acute care and rehabilitation services.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Dysphagia Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Howle

Baguley

Brown

2014

Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Dysphagia is a common morbidity and cause of mortality following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Despite this, there is a paucity of evidence demonstrating the efficacy of dysphagia management strategies and treatments in this population. Typically, subjects with dysphagia following TBI are placed into non-specific 'neurogenic' dysphagia subject groups, which include subjects with degenerative neurological diseases, neurological cancers, and cerebrovascular accident. However, dysphagia following TBI has a multifactorial presentation, with causative and contributory factors including cognitivecommunication, behavioral, neurological, and mechanical issues. As such, the management for dysphagia post-TBI must be multifactorial, team-based and involve the patients' families and carers. Much of the research regarding the management and treatment of dysphagia in general is in its infancy: larger and more rigorous studies are required to demonstrate treatment efficacy. More studies specifically examining dysphagia and its management in the TBI population are required to ensure the future efficacy and accuracy of treatment.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Dysphagia Following Traumatic Brain Injury

Howle

Baguley

Brown

2014

Curr Phys Med Rehabil Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Thus, the actual incidence of injury is probably 3 to 4 fold larger than the quoted numbers. Most studies suggest that the incidence rates for TBI are greatest in the second and third decades of life, with a secondary increase in the elderly stemming from falls (2,3). Males are more likely to suffer a TBI than females (2,3).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurobehavioral sequelae of traumatic brain injury: evaluation and management

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a universal public health problem. A recent review of epidemiological studies in Europe suggests an incidence of 235 hospitalized cases (including fatalities) per 100,000 population (1). In the US, the incidence is estimated at 150 per 100,000 population (2). Less data is available from other regions of the world, but TBI is acknowledged as a significant problem worldwide. Of note is that the incidence rates are calculated from hospitalized cases only, and do not include injured individuals who do not seek or have access to care. Thus, the actual incidence of injury is probably 3 to 4 fold larger than the quoted numbers. Most studies suggest that the incidence rates for TBI are greatest in the second and third decades of life, with a secondary increase in the elderly stemming from falls (2,3). Males are more likely to suffer a TBI than females (2,3).In developed countries, there has been a reduction in the mortality rates associated with TBI over the last several decades, generally attributed to improved systems of trauma care and improved motor vehicle safety design. Many individuals with mild traumatic brain injury and virtually all individuals who survive moderate and severe TBI are left with significant long-term neurobehavioral sequelae (4-6). Thus, the reduction in TBI-associated mortality rates (7) has led to a significant increase in the number of individuals with long-term neurobehavioral disorders related to TBI (8,9).Brain trauma can be caused in a number of ways, including mechanisms which penetrate the substance of the brain (e.g., projectiles) and those that do not. This paper focuses on non-penetrating injuries. Despite different contexts and instruments, the physics and biomechanics underlying damage to the brain from non-penetrating injuries have some common features. This results in certain brain regions being at greater risk for damage than others and allows for some general statements to be made about typical profiles of brain injury associated with trauma. The assessment and treatment of the neurobehavioral sequelae of TBI follow logically from an understanding of this injury profile. RELATIONSHIP OF PROFILE OF INJURY TO NEUROBEHAVIORAL SEQUELAEThere are two broad categories of forces that result in brain injury: contact (or impact) and inertial (acceleration or deceleration). Contact injuries result from the brain coming into contact with an object (which might include the skull, or some external object). Contact mechanisms often result in damage to scalp, skull, and brain surface (e.g., contusions, lacerations, hematomas) (10). Frequent sites of such injury are the anterior temporal poles, lateral and inferior temporal cortices, frontal poles, and orbital frontal cortices.Inertial injury results from rapid acceleration or deceleration of the brain that produces shear, tensile, and compression forces. These forces have maximum impact on axons and blood vessels, resulting in axonal injury, tissue tears, and intracerebral hematomas. These mechanisms also produc...

show abstract

“…There are several explanations for these results among elderly people. A possible explanation for this might be the medical comorbidities and frailty associate with elderly people as described by Chua et al 26 or may be due to a combination of sensory and motor decline, de-conditioning and cognitive impairments as described Bruns et al 29 .…”

Section: Gender Distribution 1st Qtr 2nd Qtrmentioning

confidence: 99%