The Epidemiology of Malaria in Belize, 1989-1999

Hakre, Shilpa

doi:10.21236/ad1012629

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…12 Kejadian malaria berbeda secara geografis oleh musim, jenis vegetasi, dan kedekatan dari desa ke sungai, curah hujan juga dikaitkan dengan penularan malaria. 13 Jarak rumah ke breeding place tidak berhubungan bermakna dengan kasus malaria (nilai p= 0,145) karena masih merupakan jarak terbang nyamuk Anopheles sehingga nyamuk mampu menjangkau rumah di sekitarnya. Risiko penularan malaria tergantung pada jarak terbang nyamuk Anopheles, 2 _ 3 km dari tempat perindukannya.…”

Section: Pembahasanunclassified

Determinan Kejadian Malaria di Wilayah Endemis

Hasyim¹,

Camelia²,

Fajar³

2014

Kesmas: National Public Health Journal

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AbstrakKabupaten Lahat adalah salah satu wilayah endemis malaria di Sumatera Selatan dengan prevalensi 16,4% dan Annual Malaria Incidence 22,08. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui faktor risiko lingkungan dengan kejadian malaria. Faktor risiko lingkungan genangan air (breeding place) berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria dengan nilai p= 0,000. Analisis multivariat menemukan determinan utama kejadian malaria adalah breeding place di sekitar rumah responden dengan odds ratio (OR) = 5,034 dan 95% CI = 2,65 _ 9,56. Responden yang tinggal di sekitar breeding place berisiko 5,03 kali lebih besar untuk menderita malaria dibandingkan dengan responden yang di sekitar rumah tidak terdapat breeding place setelah dikontrol variabel jarak rumah ke breeding place, ventilasi rumah, penggunaan kelambu, penggunaan obat anti nyamuk, dan kebiasaan keluar rumah pada malam hari. Kata kunci: Daerah endemis, lingkungan genangan air, malaria AbstractLahat district is one of the malaria endemic area in South Sumatra Province with a prevalence of 16.4% and Annual Malaria Incidence of 22.08. The case control reports were carried out of 240 respondents. This study aimed to understand the relationship among of environmental risk factors with the incidence of malaria. After primary data collection followed by processing and data analysis in a multimedia laboratory. There was association between breeding place and malaria cases (p value= 0.000). The results of multivariate analysis of variables revealed the determinant risk was breeding place, with OR = 5.034 and CI 95%= 2.65 _ 9.56. Respondents who live around the breeding place has 5.034 times chance of affected malaria compared with respondents around the house there are no breeding place after the controlled distance to the breeding place house, use of mosquito nets, use of anti-mosquito, and habits out of the house at night variables.

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Section: Pembahasanunclassified

Determinan Kejadian Malaria di Wilayah Endemis

Hasyim¹,

Camelia²,

Fajar³

2014

Kesmas: National Public Health Journal

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“…Malaria is a persistent health problem in Belize, although control efforts in the north have prevented severe outbreaks in recent years. The mean annual malaria infection rate over the last 10 years in northern Belize is ϳ2%, but some villages have rates as high as 9% (Hakre 2003). Despite this relatively low infection rate, the population of Belize is rapidly expanding, and there is a growing concern that changing land use and demographics in the north may increase malaria risks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito Habitats, Land Use, and Malaria Risk in Belize From Satellite Imagery

Pope¹,

Masuoka

Rejmánková³

et al. 2005

Ecological Applications

103

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Satellite imagery of northern Belize is used to examine the relationship between land use and habitats of the malaria vector, the Anopheles mosquito. A land cover classification based on multispectral Système Probatoire d'Observation de la Terra (SPOT) and multitemporal Radarsat images identified 11 land cover classes, including agricultural, forest, and marsh types. Two of the land cover types, Typha domingensis marsh and flooded forest, are habitats of immature Anopheles vestitipennis, and one, Eleocharis spp. marsh, is the habitat for immature Anopheles albimanus. Geographic information systems (GIS) analyses of land cover demonstrate that the amount of Typha domingensis in a marsh is positively correlated with the amount of agricultural land in the adjacent upland and negatively correlated with the amount of adjacent forest. This finding, coupled with field studies documenting higher soil phosphorus in wetlands adjacent to agricultural fields, supports the hypothesis that nutrient runoff is the cause of higher densities of Typha domingensis in marshes adjacent to fields in northern Belize. Thus, agricultural activities can potentially increase Anopheles vestitipennis habitat and thereby increase malaria risk across a broad region where Anopheles vestitipennis is a malaria vector.

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Use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems to Predict Locations ofAnopheles darlingi-Positive Breeding Sites Within the Sibun River in Belize, Central America

Achee¹,

Grieco²,

Masuoka³

et al. 2006

J Med Entomol

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Previous studies have identified several anopheline species integral to the transmission of malaria in Belize. The highly efficient vector, Anopheles darlingi Root, is currently considered the most important. The preferred larval habitat of An. darlingi has been described as floating detritus patches, which are commonly associated with overhanging spiny bamboo, Guadua longifolia (E. Fourn.), along river margins. The objectives of this study were to use remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) tools to 1) define the landscape features (i.e., river curvature, land cover, and house locations) associated with An. darlingi-positive breeding habitats and 2) determine the association between cleared land cover and the growth of spiny bamboo. A systematic survey was conducted in which all detritus patches of at least 1 m2 were sampled, mapped using GPS, and characterized by cause of habitat lodging. Bamboo stretches growing along the river margins also were mapped. Spatial analyses of satellite imagery found no associations between river characteristics or land cover with positive An. darlingi habitats. In addition, there was no significant difference in cleared versus forested land cover in relation to the presence or absence of bamboo. Results indicate that the average distance from homes to negative habitats was significantly greater than from positive detritus mats. Based on the land cover and river characteristics used, our results do not support the use of remote sensing as a predictive tool to locate specific areas within rivers positive for An. darlingi habitats.

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The Epidemiology of Malaria in Belize, 1989-1999

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Determinan Kejadian Malaria di Wilayah Endemis

Determinan Kejadian Malaria di Wilayah Endemis

Mosquito Habitats, Land Use, and Malaria Risk in Belize From Satellite Imagery

Use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems to Predict Locations ofAnopheles darlingi-Positive Breeding Sites Within the Sibun River in Belize, Central America

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