The epidemiology of<i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>type b disease in the Republic of Ireland

Fogarty, John E.; Moloney, A. C.; Newell, John

doi:10.1017/s095026880005216x

Cited by 25 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(79 reference statements)

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“…It is well described that day-care attendance increases the risk of droplet-transmitted infections such as upper respiratory tract illness [3] or * Author for correspondence. infections caused by Hib, including meningitis [4][5][6]. Contributing factors may be the high child population density in day-care centres, the close physical proximity of young children to each other when playing, and their age-related higher immunological susceptibility.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Day-care and meningococcal disease in young children

Grein¹,

O’Flanagan

2001

Epidemiol. Infect.

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The Republic of Ireland has the highest incidence of meningococcal disease in Europe with 40% of all cases occurring in children under the age of 5 years. Attending day-care increases the risk of certain infections, including Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis. The risk of meningococcal disease associated with day-care is not known. We conducted a case-control study among pre-school children with 130 laboratory-confirmed cases and 390 controls, matched on age, gender and place of residence, to determine if day-care attendance was a risk factor for meningococcal disease. Multivariate analysis showed that day-care attenders had a lower risk of disease than non-attenders (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1-0.7) whereas the number of adults in a household, and household crowding were independent risk factors for disease. Asymptomatic carriers of Neisseria meningitidis are the main source of transmission and these carriers are usually adults. Regular day-care attendance may reduce this risk by removing children from close and prolonged contact with adults.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Day-care and meningococcal disease in young children

Grein¹,

O’Flanagan

2001

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…Before widespread vaccine use, children with documented immunodeficiency,5 – 7 non-specific chronic illness8 9 or recurrent infections10 11 were over-represented among Hib cases. For healthy children, presence of an older sibling12 – 16 or crowding8 17 18 in the household was associated with increased disease risk.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…For healthy children, presence of an older sibling12 – 16 or crowding8 17 18 in the household was associated with increased disease risk. Attendance at day care greatly increased the likelihood of invasive Hib infection,9 10 15 – 18 most markedly in infants19 and only children 10 18. One study associated household smokers with greater likelihood of disease 8.…”

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confidence: 99%

Host and environmental factors associated with Hib in England, 1998-2002

McVernon

Andrews

Slack³

et al. 2008

Archives of Disease in Childhood

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“…The Hib conjugate vaccine is highly effective in preventing invasive Hib disease [1][2][3][4] and its introduction into national immunization programmes has resulted in a dramatic reduction in the incidence of invasive Hib disease across all ages, through both direct and indirect protection [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. The development of invasive Hib disease after immunization (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Haemophilus influenzae serotype b conjugate vaccine failure in twelve countries with established national childhood immunization programmes

Ladhani¹,

Heath

Slack³

et al. 2010

Clinical Microbiology and Infection

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The present study describes the clinical and immunological features of children with Hib vaccine failure, who were identified through national surveillance between 1996 and 2001 in Europe, Israel and Australia. True vaccine failure was defined as invasive Hib disease occurring ≥2 weeks after one dose, given after the first birthday, or ≥1 week after ≥2 doses, given at <1 year of age. Of the 423 cases (representing 0.2 cases per 100,000 child-years at risk) reported, 330 (78%) had received three doses in the first year of life and developed disease at a median age of 28 months. Of the remaining 93, 48 had received two doses in infancy, 34 had received four doses including a booster, and 11 had received a single dose after 12 months of age. These children developed disease at a median age of 12, 33 and 71 months, respectively. In total, 47 out of 258 children (18%) with available information had an underlying medical problem (including prematurity) and 53 out of 161 (33%) had immunoglobulin deficiency. Convalescent Hib antibody concentrations were above the putative protective concentration of 1.0 mg/L in 147/194 (76%) children; low concentrations were associated with both the presence of an underlying medical problem and young age at the time of Hib disease. Almost all children who received an additional vaccine dose developed antibodies at protective concentrations. Thus, Hib vaccine failure is rare, but can occur with any immunization schedule. Children with Hib vaccine failure should have immunoglobulin and convalescent Hib antibody concentrations measured after infection and receive additional vaccination, if required.

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The epidemiology ofHaemophilus influenzaetype b disease in the Republic of Ireland

Abstract: SUMMARYA 2-year case-control study was conducted to describe the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) and investigate Hib disease risk factors in the Republic of Ireland. Between

Cited by 25 publications

References 29 publications

Day-care and meningococcal disease in young children

Day-care and meningococcal disease in young children

Host and environmental factors associated with Hib in England, 1998-2002

Haemophilus influenzae serotype b conjugate vaccine failure in twelve countries with established national childhood immunization programmes

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