The Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS

Piot, Peter; Bartoš, Michael

doi:10.1007/0-306-47817-x_12

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…A striking characteristic of the AIDS epidemic in Africa is the different pattern of the disease with its mode of transmission, rapid spread and fast progression [2][3][4][5][6][7]. The reasons for this different pattern are not clear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune dysregulation to Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?

Bentwich

Weisman

Moroz

et al. 1996

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

134

110

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SUMMARYThe infectious disease background and particularly the helminth infections that are endemic in Africa could have profound effects on the host immune system. Studies that we have performed on an Ethiopian HIV ÿ immigrant population that has recently reached Israel, lend support to this notion. They have indeed revealed a very high prevalence of helminth and several other infections with an extreme immune dysregulation, consisting of: (i) highly elevated plasma IgE, IgG, placental isoferritin, p75 soluble TNF receptor (sTNFR) levels and very high blood eosinophilia; (ii) increased secretion from phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-simulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of the cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-10 and p75s sTNFR, and decreased secretion of interferon-gamma (IFN-) and IL-6; (iii) increased and decreased surface expression of p75 TNFR and IL-6 receptor on lymphocytes, respectively. The causal relationship between this immune dysregulation and the infectious background is highly suggestive, and could have far-reaching implications in the resistance to other infections.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune dysregulation to Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?

Bentwich

Weisman

Moroz

et al. 1996

Clinical and Experimental Immunology

134

110

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“…Subtype B predominates in North America and Europe, subtype A is most prevalent in west and central Africa, and subtype C is the major subtype in sub-Saharan Africa (31,43). Analysis of the current worldwide distribution of HIV-1 subtypes indicates that HIV-1 subtypes A and C are the most prevalent subtypes globally (37).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Distinct Mutation Pathways of Non-Subtype B HIV-1 duringIn VitroResistance Selection with Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

Lai¹,

Lu²,

Felock³

et al. 2010

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Studies were conducted to investigate mutation pathways among subtypes A, B, and C of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during resistance selection with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) in cell culture under low-multiplicity of infection (MOI) conditions. The results showed that distinct pathways were selected by different virus subtypes under increasing selective pressure of NNRTIs. F227C and Y181C were the major mutations selected by MK-4965 in subtype A and C viruses during resistance selection. With efavirenz (EFV), F227C and V106M were the major mutations responsible for viral breakthrough in subtype A viruses, whereas a single pathway (G190A/V106M) accounted for mutation development in subtype C viruses. Y181C was the dominant mutation in the resistance selection with etravirine (ETV) in subtype A, and E138K/H221Y were the mutations detected in the breakthrough viruses from subtype C viruses with ETV. In subtype B viruses, on the other hand, known NNRTI-associated mutations (e.g., Y181C, P236L, L100I, V179D, and K103N) were selected by the NNRTIs. The susceptibility of the subtype A and B mutant viruses to NNRTIs was determined in order to gain insight into the potential mechanisms of mutation development. Collectively, these results suggest that minor differences may exist in conformation of the residues within the NNRTI binding pocket (NNRTIBP) of reverse transcriptase (RT) among the three subtypes of viruses. Thus, the interactions between NNRTIs and the residues in the NNRTIBPs of different subtypes may not be identical, leading to distinct mutation pathways during resistance selection in cell culture.

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“…The second most common clade was subtype A, which caused 30% of all new infections, (including CRF01_AE and CRF02_AG) [3]. Subtype D is generally limited to eastern and central Africa, E appears as an A/E mosaic detected in South and East Asia [4][5][6][7][8]. F has been reported in central Africa, South America and eastern Europe.…”

Section: Hiv/aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

HIV Genetic Diversity: Any Implications for Drug Resistance?

Jülg

Goebel

2005

Infection

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At least nine different genetic HIV-1 subtypes and several circulating recombinant forms exist, which in addition to HIV-1 subgroups and HIV-2 account for the global AIDS pandemic. Even though HIV-1 subtype C and A predominate globally, antiretroviral drugs have been designed based on sequences of clade B reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease enzymes due to the domination of HIV-1 subtype B in highly industrialized countries. Since there is no clarity about possible effects of the genetic diversity of HIV-1 on therapy outcome and drug resistance, multiple studies have been performed with divergent results. Up to now this question remains to be answered.

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The Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS

Cited by 31 publications

References 95 publications

Immune dysregulation to Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?

Immune dysregulation to Ethiopian immigrants in Israel: relevance to helminth infections?

Distinct Mutation Pathways of Non-Subtype B HIV-1 duringIn VitroResistance Selection with Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

HIV Genetic Diversity: Any Implications for Drug Resistance?

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