The Epidemiology of Global Epilepsy

Singh, Anuradha; Trevick, Stephen

doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2016.06.015

Cited by 306 publications

(183 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The prevalence of epilepsy in developed countries ranges from 0·4% to 1%, a much lower rate than the 13% documented in our series of patients. Electroencephalography anomalies and epilepsy, along with STS deletions, have rarely been reported in the literature, either in association with cognitive impairment, structural brain anomalies, or without accompanying mental delay or any neuroimaging finding .…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Evidence of the high prevalence of neurological disorders in nonsyndromic X-linked recessive ichthyosis: a retrospective case series

et al. 2018

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This was a retrospective study with a limited number of patients. In the absence of confirmatory genetic testing and family history of the disease, dark-brown scale of the extensor surfaces and the absence of palmoplantar hyperlinearity appear to be the most reliable clinical findings supporting a diagnosis of XLI. Dermatologists should be aware of the high prevalence of ADHD and epilepsy in patients with nonsyndromic XLI.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 69%

Evidence of the high prevalence of neurological disorders in nonsyndromic X-linked recessive ichthyosis: a retrospective case series

et al. 2018

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“…The increase in the incidence of dementia, as with many neurodegenerative diseases, is in part due to the ageing population, as an ageing brain, or one following peripheral infections or other insults is ‘primed’ to render the central nervous system (CNS) more susceptible to damage . Priming of innate immune responses in the CNS may thus explain the higher prevalence of epilepsy in developing countries where CNS infections with neurotropic viruses are more frequent. The neurotropic virus Zika is a good example of how such viral infections not only contribute to neurodegenerative diseases in the elderly, but also have a major impact during development.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases

et al. 2018

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Neurodegenerative diseases, the leading cause of morbidity and disability, are gaining increased attention as they impose a considerable socioeconomic impact, due in part to the ageing community. Neuronal damage is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple sclerosis, although such damage is also observed following neurotropic viral infections, stroke, genetic white matter diseases and paraneoplastic disorders. Despite the different aetiologies, for example, infections, genetic mutations, trauma and protein aggregations, neuronal damage is frequently associated with chronic activation of an innate immune response in the CNS. The growing awareness that the immune system is inextricably involved in shaping the brain during development as well as mediating damage, but also regeneration and repair, has stimulated therapeutic approaches to modulate the immune system in neurodegenerative diseases. Here, we review the current understanding of how astrocytes and microglia, as well as neurons and oligodendrocytes, shape the neuroimmune response during development, and how aberrant responses that arise due to genetic or environmental triggers may predispose the CNS to neurodegenerative diseases. We discuss the known interactions between the peripheral immune system and the brain, and review the current concepts on how immune cells enter and leave the CNS. A better understanding of neuroimmune interactions during development and disease will be key to further manipulating these responses and the development of effective therapies to improve quality of life, and reduce the impact of neuroinflammatory and degenerative diseases.

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“…Epilepsies belong to frequent disorders of the central nervous system that affect approximately 1% of the world's population . In many patients focal seizures have their origin in the temporal lobe (temporal lobe epilepsy; TLE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Animal models of acquired epilepsy: insights into mechanisms of human epileptogenesis

Becker

2018

Neuropathology Appl Neurobio

128

114

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A. J. Becker (2018) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 44, 112-129 Animal models of acquired epilepsy: insights into mechanisms of human epileptogenesisIn many patients who suffer from epilepsies, recurrent epileptic seizures do not start at birth but develop later in life. This holds particularly true for epilepsies with a focal seizure origin including focal cortical dysplasias and temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). TLE most frequently has its seizure onset in the hippocampal formation. Hippocampal biopsies of pharmacoresistant TLE patients undergoing epilepsy surgery for seizure control most frequently reveal the damage pattern of hippocampal sclerosis, that is, segmental neuronal cell loss and concomitant astrogliosis. Many TLE patients report on transient brain insults early in life, which is followed by a 'latency' period lacking seizure activity of months or even years before chronic recurrent seizures start. The plethora of structural and cellular mechanisms that convert the hippocampal formation to become chronically hyperexcitable after a transient insult to the brain are summarized under the term epileptogenesis. In contrast to the obstacles arising for experimental studies of epileptogenesis aspects in human surgical hippocampal tissue, recent animal model approaches allow insights into mechanisms of epileptogenesis. Relevant models of transient brain insults in this context comprise several distinct types of lesions including excitoxic status epilepticus (SE), electrical seizure induction, traumatic brain injury, induction of inflammatory processes by hyperthermia and viral inflammation and others. In pathogenetic terms, aberrant transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming, acquired channel-and synaptopathies, neuronal network and blood-brain barrier dysfunction as well as innate and adaptive immunitymediated damage play major roles. In subsequent steps, respective animal models have been used in order to test whether this dynamic process can be either retarded or even abolished by interfering with epileptogenic mechanisms. Well-controlled subsequent analyses of epileptogenic cascades characterized in animal models using carefully stratified human hippocampal biopsies to exploit the unique opportunities given by these rare and precious brain tissue samples aim to translate into novel antiepileptogenic approaches. Respective preclinical tests can open entirely new perspectives for tailor-made treatments in patients with the potential to avoid the emergence of chronic focal seizure events.

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The Epidemiology of Global Epilepsy

Cited by 306 publications

References 18 publications

Evidence of the high prevalence of neurological disorders in nonsyndromic X-linked recessive ichthyosis: a retrospective case series

Evidence of the high prevalence of neurological disorders in nonsyndromic X-linked recessive ichthyosis: a retrospective case series

Inflammation in CNS neurodegenerative diseases

Review: Animal models of acquired epilepsy: insights into mechanisms of human epileptogenesis

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