The Epidemiology of Drug Abuse

Ignaszewski, Martha J.

doi:10.1002/jcph.1937

Cited by 29 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Moreover, since the endpoint of study was the hospital outcome of each patient (deceased or discharged), those who were still hospitalized or transferred to another ward or hospital were excluded. For this purpose, MCMC has a feature that shows if a hospitalized COVID-19 patient is (Mahdavi & Aliramezany, 2021 ) deceased due to COVID-19, (Ignaszewski, 2021 ) cured of the COVID-19 and discharged from the hospital, (DRUGS UNOO, LABOR, 2021 ) transferred to another ward (non-Gray Zone) in the same hospital for other medical complaints, or (Sanyaolu et al, 2020 ) transferred to another hospital to manage for other medical complaints. The reason for excluding the second two conditions was the uncertainty about outlook of COVID-19 and if a patient cured of the COVID-19 or not, since our repository did not contain data after the transfers.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to the latest World Drug Report in 2018, approximately 269 million people suffer from drug use disorders (substances such as opium, alcohol, marijuana, nicotine, cocaine, and heroin),worldwide, which was 30% more than the 2009 estimates (Mahdavi & Aliramezany, 2021 ). Also, it is estimated that 2.8–9.0% of Iranians are opium abusers (Ignaszewski, 2021 ). Misconceptions are prevalent in the society regarding the befits and risks of opium consumption in human health and COVID-19 infection (Mahdavi & Aliramezany, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The scientific evidence on the impact of opioid abuse on health and disease is conflicting (Ignaszewski, 2021 ; Mahdavi & Aliramezany, 2021 ). Besides the insufficient scientific evidence, some myths and rumours have been spread by social media in the community which claimed that opium consumption has protective effects against COVID-19 infection and COVID-19 infection less affect the people with the mild COVID-19 infection (Mahdavi & Aliramezany, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Association of Opium Abuse with Mortality Amongst Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Iranian Population

et al. 2022

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Opioid abuse is a serious problem in the society. Since the first months of COVID-19 pandemic, several myths, rumors and misconceptions have been spread about the benefits of opium consumption for COVID-19 outcome. In addition, data are limited on the relationship between opium abuse and COVID-19 mortality amongst hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In this historical cohort study, we assessed the risks of several variables for mortality amongst all hospitalized COVID-19 patients from the beginning of COVID-19 pandemic in South of Iran from March 15th, 2021 to October 14th, 2021. Data was acquired from the Medical Care Monitoring Center (MCMC), affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. A total of 64,427 hospitalized COVID-19 patients were included into the analysis. The mortality rate was 10.59% ( n = 6756). Of all, 2030 (3.15%) patients—1702 males and 328 females—reported the positive history of opium abuse with a mean age of 57 ± 17.21 years. The results of multivariable risk showed that the positive history of opium abuse had a significant association with mortality (adjusted RR: 1.173; p = 0.007). Other significant predictive risk factors were male gender, elder ages, and comorbidities such as pulmonary diseases, cardiovascular disease, cancer, nephrological diseases, neurological diseases, and diabetes. However, being a health care worker and having thyroid gland diseases were protective factors amongst hospitalized COVID-19 patients (adjusted RR: 0.650 and 0.642; p = 0.040 and < .0001, respectively). Opium abuse is a risk factor for mortality amongst hospitalized COVID-19 patients. It is vital to educate societies about the consequences of unauthorized opium consumption.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Association of Opium Abuse with Mortality Amongst Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Iranian Population

et al. 2022

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“…Despite a decrease from the peak observed in 2011, and from overall opioid use statistics of consumption that were particularly high from 2002 to 2018, these numbers remain high. In 2019, there was a decrease in opioid use across all age groups, particularly among adolescents [26].…”

Section: Review Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another important factor complicating the achievement of this UN goal is an increase in the production of stimulants with different precursors than ephedrine and phenylephrine, with increased production being found in countries where other drugs were traditionally manufactured for trafficking, such as Mexico. Because of easier access, the redistribution of stimulant substances' production increases the risk of their use by IVDU in middle and low-income countries [26,28].…”

Section: Review Epidemiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Deep Vein Thrombosis in Intravenous Drug Users: An Invisible Global Health Burden

Jain¹,

Avanthika²,

Singh³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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The prevalence of intravenous drug use has increased in the past decade and it represents an important risk factor for deep vein thrombosis. Intravenous drug use is a global problem, with the main culprit being heroin. Peer pressure and poverty in high-risk groups such as sex workers, females, and young adults raise the risk of intravenous drug use, which expresses itself in the form of venous thromboembolism eventually. Deep vein thrombosis typically manifests itself eight years after the initial intravenous drug administration, rendering it a silent killer.Aiming to review and summarize existing articles in this context, we performed an exhaustive literature search online on PubMed and Google Scholar indexes using the keywords "Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)" and "Intravenous Drug Users (IVDU)." English articles that addressed epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, management, and outcomes of DVT, including those in IVDU, were selected and analyzed.The pathogenesis of DVT development in IVDU is mainly attributed to the interplay of trauma to the vessel by repeated injection and the injected drug itself. The right-sided femoral vein is the most common vein affected. Prevalent clinical presentations include local pain, swelling, and redness with typical systemic symptoms including fever, cough, dyspnea, and chest pain on top of addiction features. There appeared to be a delay in reporting symptoms, which was most likely due to the social stigma attached to IVDU.There are over 50 conditions that present with swollen and painful limbs comparable to DVT in IVDU, making precise diagnosis critical for timely treatment. Venous ultrasound is the method of choice for diagnosing DVT. Extended anticoagulant therapy with low-molecular-weight heparin combined with warfarin is the recommended treatment. Intravenous drug abusers having DVT are affected by multiple complications and poorer outcomes such as slower recovery, recurrent venous thromboembolism (VTE), and a longer hospital stay, which put them at higher risk of morbidity, mortality, reduced productivity, and economic burden.

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Psychiatric Comorbidities Associated with Persistent Postoperative Opioid Use

Adeola

Urman

2022

Curr Pain Headache Rep

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The Epidemiology of Drug Abuse

Cited by 29 publications

References 29 publications

The Association of Opium Abuse with Mortality Amongst Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Iranian Population

The Association of Opium Abuse with Mortality Amongst Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients in Iranian Population

Deep Vein Thrombosis in Intravenous Drug Users: An Invisible Global Health Burden

Psychiatric Comorbidities Associated with Persistent Postoperative Opioid Use

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