The epidemiology of anxiety

Reich, James

doi:10.1002/yd.23319863204

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…It is worth noting here that the association between age cohort and depressive symptom score at Wave 4 in the present study was attenuated when self-reported disability status was taken into account (analysis not reported). Anxiety levels varied similarly with sex and occupational status: again results not without precedent (e.g., Fryers, Melzer, & Jenkins, 2003;Reich, 1986). In the case of HADS anxiety, levels declined with age; this has also been reported by others (e.g., Weissman & Merikangas, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Blunted cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress predict symptoms of depression five years later: Evidence from a large community study

et al. 2010

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We recently reported a cross-sectional negative relationship between cardiovascular reactivity and depressive symptoms. The present analyses examined the prospective association between reactivity and symptoms of depression five years later. At the earlier time point depressive symptoms, using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and cardiovascular reactions to a standard mental stress were measured in 1608 adults comprising three distinct age cohorts: 24-, 44-, and 63-year olds. Depression was re-assessed using the HADS five years later. Heart rate reactions to acute psychological stress were negatively associated with subsequent depressive symptoms; the lower the reactivity the higher the depression scores. This association withstood adjustment for symptom scores at the earlier time point, and for socio-demographic factors and medication status. The mechanisms underlying this prospective relationship remain to be determined.Key words: Blood pressure; depression; heart rate; psychological stress; prospective study 3 4 Depression has been linked prospectively to mortality in general and death from cardiovascular disease in particular (for reviews, see Hemingway & Marmot, 1999;Wulsin, Vaillant, & Wells, 1999). However, the mechanisms underlying this association have yet to be established. Autonomic dysregulation remains a possibility, and depression has been associated with a variety of adaptations that suggest altered autonomic function. For example, enhancement of cardiac sympathetic activity relative to vagal tone has been reported in those with depression and subclinical depressive symptoms (Carney, et al., 1988;Light, Kothandapani, & Allen, 1998), as have increased plasma noradrenalin concentrations in patients with major depression (Rudorfer, Ross, Linnoila, Sherer, & Potter, 1985). Thus, the hypothesis that such autonomic dysregulation in depression may also be manifest as exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity (Kibler & Ma, 2004), which in turn increases the risk of cardiovascular pathology, is intuitively appealing.First, exaggerated cardiovascular (blood pressure and heart rate) reactions to acute psychological challenge have long been considered a risk factor for cardiovascular pathology ( Lovallo & Gerin, 2003;Schwartz, et al., 2003) and several prospective studies have now shown consistently that higher cardiovascular reactivity (most commonly blood pressure and heart rate, and additionally cardiac output, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, and pre-ejection period when measured) confers a modest additional risk for a range of cardiovascular outcomes, such as high blood pressure, carotid atherosclerosis, carotid intima-thickness, and increased left ventricular mass (e.g. (Allen, Matthews, & Sherman, 1997;Barnett, Spence, Manuck, & Jennings, 1997;Carroll, Ring, Hunt, Ford, & Macintyre, 2003;Kamarck, et al., 1997;Lynch, Everson, Kaplan, Salonen, & Salonen, 1998;Markovitz, Raczynski, Wallace, Chettur, & Chesney, 1998;Treiber, et al., 2003). Second, a meta-analysis of 11 relev...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Blunted cardiac reactions to acute psychological stress predict symptoms of depression five years later: Evidence from a large community study

et al. 2010

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“…45 The finding that coronary heart disease was independently correlated with benzodiazepine use is interesting because recent research indicates that a relationship between adverse cardiac events and psychological stress may be mediated by the occurrence of myocardial ischemia. 46 Psychological stress is also associated with the use of anxiolytic benzodiazepines. 32 Therefore, higher levels of stress may be associated with both benzodiazepine use and coronary heart disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Correlates and prevalence of benzodiazepine use in community-dwelling elderly

Schulz²,

et al. 1998

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OBJECTIVE:To describe the prevalence of benzodiazepine use, sociodemographic and physical health factors associated with use, dosages taken, and directions for use among individuals aged 65 years and older. DESIGN:Cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the community-based, prospective observational Cardiovascular Health Study. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS:Medicare eligibility lists from four U.S. communities were used to recruit a representative sample of 5,201 community-dwelling elderly, of which 5,181 participants met all study criteria. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:Among participants, 511 (9.9%) were taking at least one benzodiazepine, primarily anxiolytics (73%). Benzodiazepines were often prescribed to be taken pro re nata (PRN "as needed"), and 36.5% of prescriptions with instructions to be taken regularly were taken at a dose lower than prescribed. Reported over-the-counter (OTC) sleep aid medication use was 39.2% in benzodiazepine users and 3.3% in nonusers. In a multivariate logistic model, the significant independent correlates of benzodiazepine use were being white (odds ratio [

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“…Overall, women reported more negative affect than men, especially sadness and anxiety (Costa et al, 1987; Fujita, Diener and Sandvik, 1991). Additionally, women were almost twice as likely as men to suffer from depression or from anxiety disorders (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1990; Reich, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%