THE EPIDEMIOLOGY AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITHNOCTURNAL ENURESIS AMONG SCHOOL & PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN HAIL CITY, SAUDI ARABIA: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY.

Abstract

Background: Enuresis, which is frequently diagnosed amongst schoolchildren, is an important psychosocial problem for both parents and children. Objectives: In the present study, we aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of enuresis in Saudi children in Hail, and to identify common methods used for its management. Subjects and Methods: A cross sectional epidemiological study performed among children living in Hail, Saudi Arabia. A selfadministered questionnaire was prepared for this study and distributed to the parents of 700 children whom aged 5-¬12 years. Results: Of the 700 questionnaires distributed, 652 (93.14%) were completed. The overall prevalence of nocturnal enuresis was 22.7% (n = 148). Female gender, young age, history of enuresis among parents or siblings, deep sleep and history of urinary tract infections and other social and psychological problems were associated factors with enuresis. The percentage of children with enuresis seen by physician for treatment was 27% only. The percentage of children with enuresis treated traditionally was 40%. Conclusion: Our results with enuresis prevalence and associated factors were comparable to other epidemiologic studies from various countries. Furthermore, we demonstrated that families in Hail do not pay sufficient attention to enuresis and most of enuretic children do not receive professional treatment.

Prevalence of Nocturnal Enuresis Among Children and Its Association With the Mental Health of Mothers in Northern Saudi Arabia

“…In the Taif region, the frequency of nocturnal enuresis was 7.81% [14] and 31.2% in a study in different regions of the kingdom [15]; in Riyadh, the prevalence of NE was 18.5%, with a higher burden among male children [16]. In Jazan, 76.4% of the children had NE [17], the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis in Hail was 22.7% [18], and it was 92.8% in Jeddah [21]. Compared to our findings, the prevalence of NE was 18% in Egypt [19] and 6.8% in Iran [26].…”

“…Multivariate analysis showed that the type of delivery, history of anemia, mothers' education, and NE among the youngest children were significantly associated with perceived stress. A number of factors have been associated with NE, which include the child's age and gender, a family history of NE, pinworm infestation, lack of breastfeeding, poor academic performance, the level of parents' education, socioeconomic status, deep sleep, a history of urinary tract infections, a history of hospital admission after delivery, a history of diabetes, daytime enuresis, and tea and sweets consumption [14,15,[17][18][19][20][21]28].…”

“…Previous studies in Saudi Arabia have shown a prevalence of NE in different regions of the kingdom ranging from 7.8% to 92.8% [14][15][16][17][18]. A history of pinworm infestation, lack of breastfeeding, poor academic performance, and a lower level of father education have been associated with NE [17].…”

“…A history of pinworm infestation, lack of breastfeeding, poor academic performance, and a lower level of father education have been associated with NE [17]. Other factors associated with NE include female gender, young age, a family history of enuresis, deep sleep, a history of urinary tract infections, and other social and psychological problems [18].…”

Parental perception of nocturnal enuresis in a local region of Saudi Arabia

“…Several studies have evaluated the prevalence of NE in Saudi Arabia and have noted variations across different regions [ 13 – 17 ]. A recent study assessed the prevalence of NE in several cities in Saudi Arabia and found the prevalence to be 31.2% [ 18 ].…”