The epidemiological background of small ruminant lentivirus infection in goats from Romania

Abstract

Background and Aim: Caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) is an economically significant viral disease of goats caused by a small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) belonging to Retroviridae family. This study aimed to summarize current information on the epidemiological status of SRLVs infection in the population of goats from Romania and to point out the CAE incidence throughout the 2008-2018 periods. Materials and Methods: An exhaustive review of the papers published in the international literature concerning the epidemiological status of CAE in Romania was carried out using electronic databases, and available statistical data from the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) regarding the incidence of the disease between 2008 and 2018 were analyzed. Results: The true individual-level seroprevalence of CAE was estimated in 13 of 42 counties (31%) and ranged from 0.4% to roughly 40%. One hundred eighty-two outbreaks from 14 counties (33%) were reported, with a peak in 2010. Conclusion: The findings sourcing in the literature are very scarce and show disagreement with the situation reported by the national veterinary authorities. Lack of SRLVs screening policies represents the main obstacle in limiting the spread of the disease. Romania's National Sanitary Veterinary and Food Safety Authority should implement a program for diagnosis and surveillance of the disease to build a straightforward epidemiological picture that represents a prerequisite of any control and eradication program.

Rhodococcus equi—Occurrence in Goats and Clinical Case Report

“…This issue may pose a problem, as this comorbidity may affect the immunological status of the animal and therefore be unrepresentative of the rest of the population. However, CAE infection is widespread in Poland (over 80% of goat herds), and seroprevalence in the herds can approach 100% of adult animals [ 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Therefore, animals should not be excluded due to CAE infection, as they may represent a considerable part of the goat population.…”

Initial Multitarget Approach Shows Importance for Improved Caprine Arthritis-encephalitis Virus Control Program in Russia for Hobbyist Goat Farms

“…Hobbyist farms in most cases are multispecies farms, and small ruminant lentivirus control programs should be concentrated on both sheep and goats. The lack of regular screening for small ruminant lentiviruses is increasing the spread of the disease [45][46][47].…”

Ovine Progressive Pneumonia: Diagnosis and Seroprevalence in the South of Sonora, Mexico

“…The absence of a national control program and not active surveillance programs are the main risk to the widespread disease. Moreover, free trade of live small ruminants from different regions and countries where the disease has been reported could be the leading cause of dissemination [ 1 ].…”

“…These diseases result in progressive and persistent infections that affect animal health and international trade. Clinical signs may include progressive weight loss, chronic respiratory disease in sheep, or hard udders with reduced milk production [ 1 – 3 ]. Under field conditions, diagnosis of ovine progressive pneumonia includes clinical signs, macroscopic and microscopic lesions, and the detection of specific antibodies against the virus using the AGID test or the ELISA technique; however, etiological detection is best performed by the classical or the real-time version of PCR [ 4 – 7 ].…”