The ependymal surface of the lateral ventricle of the dog as revealed by scanning electron microscopy

Allen, Delmas J.; Low, F. N.

doi:10.1002/aja.1001370410

Cited by 46 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…A common finding in the lateral ventricles is the focal absence of ependyma, often associated with undulations and small diverticulae. This is first evident in the third trimester fetus and progresses into adulthood (Allen and Low, 1973;Altschul, 1941;Dooling et al, 1989;Schimrigk, 1966). In humans (and small mammals) the central canal usually becomes stenotic and gliotic by age 20 years.…”

Section: Pathology Morphological Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ependyma: A protective barrier between brain and cerebrospinal fluid

Bigio

1995

Glia

286

182

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This review summarizes the current scientific literature concerning the ependymal lining of the cerebral ventricles of the brain with an emphasis on selective barrier function and protective roles for the common ependymal cell. Topics covered include the development, morphology, protein and enzyme expression including reactive changes, and pathology. Some cells lining the neural tube are committed at an early stage to becoming ependymal cells. They serve a secretory function and perhaps act as a cellular/axonal guidance system, particularly during fetal development. In the mature mammalian brain ependymal cells possess the structural and enzymatic characteristics necessary for scavenging and detoxifying a wide variety of substances in the CSF, thus forming a metabolic barrier at the brain-CSF interface.

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Section: Pathology Morphological Alterationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ependyma: A protective barrier between brain and cerebrospinal fluid

Bigio

1995

Glia

286

182

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“…Scanning electron microscopic examination of the ependyma of the ventricular system of the brains of humans and animals has shown that cilia are distributed over its surface in a characteristic manner [Scott et al (1972), Bruni et al (1972), Allen and Low (1973), Scott et al (1973), Yamadori and Yagihashi (1975)]. Nielsen and Gauger (1974), Page (1975) and Go et al (1976) have used the scanning electron microscope to study the appearances of the ependymal surface of the ventricles of animals with artificially induced hydrocephalus, but only Lindberg et al (1977) had used this method of examination on animals with spontaneously occuring hydrocephalus.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Some scanning electron microscopic observations of the ependymal surface of the ventricles of hydrocephalic Hy3 mice and a human infant

Bannister

Mundy

1979

Acta neurochir

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Two hydrocephalic Hy 3 mice and an infant with hydrocephalus and the Arnold-Chiari malformation were examined with the scanning electron microscope. Both mice had advanced hydrocephalus but had normal appearances in the basal regions of the ventricles. However, as the ventricular walls were ascended first the cilia gradually disappeared, then the microvilli, and finally on the roof of the ventricle the ependymal cells disappeared leaving the subependymal layers exposed. The infant had mild hydrocephalus and normal ependymal appearances. The most likely explanation of these findings is that they are a consequence of raised intracranial pressure, and are not the cause of hydrocephalus.

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“…Although much work has been done on the epiplexus cells, the occurrence of supraependymal cells has been reported (Allen and Low, 1973;Bleir and Albrecht, 1980;Bleir et al, 1975;Brawer et al, 1974;Clementi and Marini, 1971;Coates 1973a,b;Ling, 1979;Noack et al, 1972;Walsh et al, 1978). There was, however, only a modicum of information on the free-floating cells bearing features similar to the other two cell types in the ventricular lumen (Ling, 1979;Sturrock, 1978).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin, nature, and some functional considerations of intraventricular macrophages, with special reference to the epiplexus cells

Ling

Kaur

1998

Microsc. Res. Tech.

103

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Intraventricular macrophages encompass the supraependymal, free‐floating, and epiplexus (Kolmer) cells; the supraependymal cells lie in close apposition to the ventricular ependyma, the epiplexus cells are closely associated with the choroid plexus epithelium, and the free‐floating cells are at a variable distance from the epithelial surface. Although the three cell types are regarded as one cellular entity, the epiplexus cells preponderate. On scanning electron microscopy, the epiplexus cells display diverse morphological forms, ranging from round to bipolar to stellate, and bear a variable number of cytoplasmic processes. Transmission electron microscopy shows the presence of large numbers of lysosomes. The phagocytic nature of epiplexus cells is shown by their intense staining for nonspecific esterase and active uptake of tracers, e.g., horseradish peroxidase and rhodamine isothiocynate, administered intravenously or intraperitoneally. The mode of entry of these tracers in the cerebral ventricles is by way of transepithelial transport. In rats, the population of intraventricular macrophages increases steadily after birth until 17 days of age; thereafter, their cell population remains relatively unchanged. The early upsurge is attributed to proliferation of residential cells and/or influx of circulating monocytes/stromal macrophages through the process of “emperipolesis.” The immunophenotypic features of intraventricular macrophages are consistent with other mononuclear phagocytes being immunoreactive for OX‐42, OX‐18, OX‐6, and OX‐1 and ED1 for the detection of CR3 receptors, MHC class I and II antigens, leucocyte common antigen, and macrophage antigen, respectively. The expression of these antigens is noticeably enhanced following the injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into postnatal rats. Remarkably, the intraventricular macrophages are induced to express MHC class II (Ia) antigen after LPS or interferon‐γ injections. Furthermore, the expression of transferrin receptors as detected with OX‐26 is also upregulated after these treatments. Epiplexus cells are also elicited to display a de novo expression of nitric oxide synthase‐like immunoreactivity following intracerebral injection of LPS. They also respond vigorously to a single nonpenetrative blast. Results of our series of studies suggest that, besides their primary function as scavenger cells, the intraventricular macrophages partake in possible immunological responses and iron regulation in the ventricular system or the brain as a whole. Microsc. Res. Tech. 41:43–56, 1998. © 1998 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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The ependymal surface of the lateral ventricle of the dog as revealed by scanning electron microscopy

Cited by 46 publications

References 16 publications

The ependyma: A protective barrier between brain and cerebrospinal fluid

The ependyma: A protective barrier between brain and cerebrospinal fluid

Some scanning electron microscopic observations of the ependymal surface of the ventricles of hydrocephalic Hy3 mice and a human infant

Origin, nature, and some functional considerations of intraventricular macrophages, with special reference to the epiplexus cells

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