The enzymatic maceration of plant tissue

Bateman, D. F.

doi:10.1007/bf01977515

Cited by 49 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Pectin is located in the intercellular space and acts as a cement to aggregate leaf cells (29). Pectin degradation separates plant cells from each other (5,10) and has been suggested as essential for fungal invasion of plant tissue (5,9). Thus, the high levels of pectinase and pectin degradation may be primarily used by L. gongylophorus to macerate leaf tissue and access its nutrients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Plant Polysaccharides by Leucoagaricus gongylophorus , the Symbiotic Fungus of the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta sexdens L

Siqueira

Bacci

Pagnocca

et al. 1998

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Atta sexdens L. ants feed on the fungus they cultivate on cut leaves inside their nests. The fungus, Leucoagaricus gongylophorus, metabolizes plant polysaccharides, such as xylan, starch, pectin, and cellulose, mediating assimilation of these compounds by the ants. This metabolic integration may be an important part of the ant-fungus symbiosis, and it involves primarily xylan and starch, both of which support rapid fungal growth. Cellulose seems to be less important for symbiont nutrition, since it is poorly degraded and assimilated by the fungus. Pectin is rapidly degraded but slowly assimilated by L. gongylophorus, and its degradation may occur so that the fungus can more easily access other polysaccharides in the leaves.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolism of Plant Polysaccharides by Leucoagaricus gongylophorus , the Symbiotic Fungus of the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta sexdens L

Siqueira

Bacci

Pagnocca

et al. 1998

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…A solution containing 0.1 jig of 100-fold purified endopolygalacturonase hydrolyzes, during incubation for 1 hr at 30°C, 1.25 umol of the galacturonide linkages of 0.1% polygalacturonic acid in 1 ml of 50 mM sodium acetate (pH 5.2). S. rolfsii was grown and the polygalacturoniase prepared by the methods described (8). F. oxysporum f. sp.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proteins from Plant Cell Walls Inhibit Polygalacturonases Secreted by Plant Pathogens

Albersheim

Anderson

1971

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

204

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Proteins extracted from the cell walls of Red Kidney bean hypocotyls, tomato stems, and suspension-cultured sycamore cells can completely inhibit the activity of the polygalacturonases (polygalaicturonide hydrolases, EC 3.2.1.15) secreted by the fungal plant pathogens Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium oxysporum, and Sclerotium rolfsii. The inhibitor of the C. lindemuthianum polygalacturonase, purified 560-fold from bean hypocotyl extracts, is 40 times as effective an inhibitor of the C. lindemuthianum polygalacturonase as of the F. oxysporum polygalacturonase, and does not demonstrably inhibit the S. rolfsii polygalacturonase. A crude hypocotyl extract that completely inhibits the three polygalacturonases does not inhibit C. lindemuthianum-secreted cellulase, xylanase, a-galactosidase, aarabinofuranosidase, or a-galacturonosidase. The purified bean hypocotyl protein combines with the C. lindemuthianum polygalacturonase to form a complex with a dissociation constant of 2 X 10-9 M or less. The physical properties of these inhibitors are similar to those of phytohemagglutinins and of the plant glycoproteins capable of agglutinating transformed animal cells.

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“…Hancock has since reported the presence of this enzyme in sunflower hypocotyls infected with Scleroti'l1ia sclerotiorum (35) and has confirmed an earlier report (21) of arabinosidase production in tissues in fected with this fungus. Van Etten & Bateman (13,74) have demonstrated the presence, in extracts of Sclerotium rolfsii-induced bean hypocotyl lesions, of enzymes which degrade xylan, galactan, galactomannan, cellulose, and polygalacturonic acid. Van Etten, Maxwell & Bateman (75) have observed endo-polygalacturonase and cellulase in bean hypocotyl lesions caused by Rhizocfonia solani (75).…”

Section: Evidence From Plant Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemistry of the Cell Wall in Relation to Infective Processes

Albersheim¹,

Jones²,

English³

1969

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

182

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Pathogens find themselves most commonly in the presence of plants other than their hosts. Under such circumstances, a pathogen fails in its ef forts tooinitiate infection. What is it that renders a plant's environment in hospitable to a pathogen except in that rare instance when the plant hap pens to be a susceptible host? It is this question which we propose to an swer by our hypothesis that, in many instances of pathogenesis by bacteria or fungi, it is an interaction between the pathogen and the carbohydrates of the host which determines the pathogen's ability to produce enzymes capa ble of degrading the host's cell walls. The production of these enzymes, then, determines whether or not a successful infection will be initiated. It ' should be stressed that only the initiation of the infective process is consid ered in this hypothesis. Once the plant actively responds to the presence of a pathogen, the ensuing metabolic responses are known to be both complex and varied. EVIDENCE FROM SYSTEMS NOT DIRECTLY RELATED TO PHYTOPATHOLOGYAt the most fundamental level, a disease syndrome represents a summa tion of the interactions between molecules which are characteristic of two or more types of cells. This interpretation of the disease process is perhaps best described by illustration. Several systems will be considered in which interactions of molecular structures on the cell surface determine the estab lishment of a morbid state.A classic example of the involvement of surface polysaccharides in pathogenesis is the requirement for Pneumococcus (Diplococcus pneumo niae) to possess capsular polysaccharides in order to initiate successfully bacterial pneumonia in animals (38). A more recent demonstration of the involvement of cell surface elements in disease comes from studies of the relative virulence of Escherichia coli strains. E. coli is a weakly virulent 1 Supported in part by a grant from the United States Atomic Energy Com mission

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The enzymatic maceration of plant tissue

Cited by 49 publications

References 23 publications

Metabolism of Plant Polysaccharides by Leucoagaricus gongylophorus , the Symbiotic Fungus of the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta sexdens L

Metabolism of Plant Polysaccharides by Leucoagaricus gongylophorus , the Symbiotic Fungus of the Leaf-Cutting Ant Atta sexdens L

Proteins from Plant Cell Walls Inhibit Polygalacturonases Secreted by Plant Pathogens

Biochemistry of the Cell Wall in Relation to Infective Processes

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