The environmental impacts of 12 country-specific food-based dietary guidelines

Development and validation of smartphone nutrition application for supporting dietetic professional practice

“…In Thailand, Thai food exchange list, serving sizes, and portion sizes have been set up and normally used among Thai dietitians and nutritionist as tools for estimating the amounts of food intake and roughly calculating energy intake [10,11]. The food exchange list refers to the food allocation based on their calories and macronutrient profiles per serving size [12]. Besides the measuring units, such as a cup, a tablespoon, and a teaspoon used as serving sizes in Thai food exchange list [10], commonly used household utensils are also used in Thai Nutrition Flag [11].…”

“…Portion size is developed from a unit of measurement which consumers could easily multiply or divide to represent their actual eaten amount. In Thailand, house hold utensils such as spoon, tea spoon, and rice spoon are more familiar among Thai than international units such as cup-and once-equivalents [12]. Therefore, the specific portion size and values for Thais were developed and recommended.…”

“…Therefore, the specific portion size and values for Thais were developed and recommended. Two widely used portion size and values in Thai have been developed and recommended by Thai food exchange list (Table 6) and Thai food based dietary guideline (Table 7) [11,12,21].…”

“…Meanwhile, added sugars has been recommended to limit within 5 to 10% of calories per day [31]. Thai food based dietary guidelines recommended cereal ten rice serving spoons per day, vegetable five rice serving spoons per day, and added sugars has been recommended six tea spoons based on 2,000 kilocalorie intake to cover DRI for Thais [11,12,21,32].…”

“…The 2015 US dietary guidelines recommended approximately five and a half ounce-equivalents per day from protein foods and three cupequivalents per day from dairy products based on 2,000 kilocalorie intake [31]. Thai food based dietary guidelines recommended protein intake nine table spoons per day from meat and one glass of milk per day 2,000 kilocalorie intake to cover DRI for Thai [11,12,21,32] (Table 1). Daily protein requirement has to consider other factors including age, gender, physiologic state, and sources of protein [2].…”