The environmental impact of air pollution on the built heritage of historic Cairo (Egypt)

Rovella, Natalia; Aly, Nevin; Comite, Valeria; Randazzo, Luciana; Fermo, P.; Barca, Donatella; Buergo, Mónica Álvarez de; Russa, Mauro Francesco La

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142905

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…When transported to water and soil, copper corrosion is highly harmful to the environment, in which mitigation also leads to high financial expenses (Knotkova and Kreislova 2007 ). Several studies argue that transportation systems working on combustible fuel are responsible for heavy metal releasement near historical heritage, causing severe deterioration (Comite et al 2020 ; Comite and Fermo 2018 ; La Russa et al 2018 ; Rovella et al 2020 ). As a mitigation measure, urban policies should focus on green modes of transport for decreasing particulate matter emissions from conventional transport (Baltrėnas et al 2017 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of potential benefits of traffic and urban mobility reductions during COVID-19 lockdowns: dose-response calculations for material corrosions on built cultural heritage

Broomandi

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Zhaxylykov

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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Air pollution, particularly in urban areas, puts human health in danger and has adverse impacts on the built environment. It can accelerate the natural corrosion rate of cultural heritages and monuments, leading to premature aging and lowering their aesthetic value. Globally, at the beginning of 2020, to tackle the spread of novel COVID-19, the lockdown was enforced in the most hard-hit countries. Therefore, this study assesses, as a first time, the plausible benefits of traffic and urban mobility reductions on the natural process of deterioration of materials during COVID-19 lockdown in twenty-four major cities on five continents. The potential risk is estimated based on exceeding the tolerable degradation limits for each material. The notable impact of COVID-19 mobility restrictions on air quality was evidenced in 2020 compared to 2019. The introduced mobility restrictions in 2020 could decrease the surface recession rate of materials. Extremely randomized trees analysis showed that PM 10 was the main influencing factor for corrosion of portland, copper, cast bronze, and carbon steel with a relative importance of 0.60, 0.32, 0.90, and 0.64, respectively, while SO 2 and HNO 3 were mainly responsible for corrosion of sandstone and zinc with a relative importance of 0.60 and 0.40, respectively. The globally adverse governed meteorological conditions in 2020 could not positively influence the movement restrictions around the world in air quality improvements. Our findings can highlight the need for additional policies and measures for reducing ambient pollution in cities and the proximity of sensitive cultural heritage to avoid further damage. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-021-16078-5.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of potential benefits of traffic and urban mobility reductions during COVID-19 lockdowns: dose-response calculations for material corrosions on built cultural heritage

Broomandi

Tleuken

Zhaxylykov

et al. 2021

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…Air pollution represents a relevant additional risk factor for the stone building decay, especially if coupled to the capillary rise of water. An SO 2 -rich atmosphere [31][32][33] can be responsible for the sulphation mechanisms in different types of rocks. Indeed, the crystallization of soluble salts within the pores of the stone is a well-known mechanism able to cause the deterioration of building stones, through the consequent increase of pressure on the rock grains; this can be responsible for the mechanical disintegration of the building materials.…”

Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phase can be linked to a side effect of the capillary rise of waters from the underground, which could be highly saline, due to the lack of sewage systems or leaking [16]. Indeed, this phenomenon has been already highlighted at the exterior of the Faraj's complex [16,[32][33][34]. On the other hand, also the atmosphere can be considered as an additional source, being in Cairo rich enough of sulfate species (mainly due to anthropic activities) and sodium chloride (by transport from the near-desert regions [31] and seas [32]).…”

Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stone Architectural Decoration in Burji Era: The Northern Mausoleum in the Khanqah of Al-Nasir Faraj Ibn Barquq (Cairo). Contribution to the Knowledge and Conservation Assessment

et al. 2021

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The conservation of monuments in Cairo represents a complex matter, influenced by the cultural context, the intrinsic features of a vast and heterogeneous architectural heritage, and the environmental conditions. Monument vulnerability levels strongly need to be systematized to delineate adequate programs of control, management, and intervention. Despite their leading role in the Egyptian architectural heritage, many monuments experience a critical state of conservation. Here, we report the results of a multi-scale investigation of the northern mausoleum in the complex of the Khanqah of Al-Nasir Faraj Ibn Barquq, located in the Islamic cemetery of Al-Qarafa Al-Kubra (Cairo, Egypt). Our research aims to increase the knowledge on the decorative stones used in the mausoleum and their decay processes. The investigation has been focused on the two areas of the building covered by a colored stone-slabs pattern: the floor and the qibla wall. A detailed architectural survey, carried out through photogrammetric techniques, provided a three-dimensional morphological knowledge of the mausoleum, upgrading the available surveys made about 50 years ago. The distribution of the materials has been verified by visual analysis, integrated by the first detailed mineralogical and petrographic characterization made on this mausoleum. The digital survey of the stone surfaces and the mineralogical, chemical, and petrographic analyses allowed a systematic mapping of the decay phenomena and some insights on the morphological alteration of single elements. The obtained results indicate a capillary rise of groundwaters and airborne pollution as the main degradation processes.

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“…The issue with this paper is that they employed a PIR sensor to detect an empty space, yet this sensor does not measure temperatures beyond 35 degrees. Rovella et al invented a parking system in [16] that allows a driver to search for and obtain information about parking places, and when a person approaches a parking space, the RFID will scan it. The gate will open if the data on the RFID card is correct.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The issue with this study is that they employ a single gate and RFID for each parking space, which is a costly and inefficient method. A new proposed system based on IoT was introduced with the goal of eliminating the drawbacks of the systems outlined above and inspired by [9] till [16], a system that ensures seamless car mobility at a minimal cost while also boosting the chances of finding a free parking spot. By introducing four contributions, this work overcomes the drawbacks of the systems outlined above as mentioned in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Garage Utilizing Internet of Things (IoT)

et al. 2022

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People in urban regions face a daily problem finding parking slot for their vehicles. So, this study develops a network architecture based on Internet of Things platform. A system improves the efficiency of the current cloud-based smart-parking system. This study suggested a system that assists users in automatically finding a free parking space at the lowest cost. With an application, a user can request to reserve a parking slot. The application moves a driver directly into the free slot in a garage. Also, it utilizes the distance and total number of free spaces in each garage to determine the user nearest parking slot and cost. The garage slot cost will be charged by user credit once the user entered the garage or reserved a parking slot through the application. The system proposed a novel system which picks up a parking slot, reserves, and pays for it through mobile application. The proposed system can easily be deployed in the actual world.

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The environmental impact of air pollution on the built heritage of historic Cairo (Egypt)

Cited by 27 publications

References 64 publications

Assessment of potential benefits of traffic and urban mobility reductions during COVID-19 lockdowns: dose-response calculations for material corrosions on built cultural heritage

Assessment of potential benefits of traffic and urban mobility reductions during COVID-19 lockdowns: dose-response calculations for material corrosions on built cultural heritage

Stone Architectural Decoration in Burji Era: The Northern Mausoleum in the Khanqah of Al-Nasir Faraj Ibn Barquq (Cairo). Contribution to the Knowledge and Conservation Assessment

Smart Garage Utilizing Internet of Things (IoT)

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