The environmental and biosecurity characteristics of livestock carcass disposal methods: A review

Gwyther, Ceri L.; Williams, A. Prysor; Golyshin, Peter N.; Edwards‐Jones, Gareth; Jones, Davey L.

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2010.12.005

Cited by 151 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(103 reference statements)

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“…On-farm burial has been the preferred approach for dealing with animal carcass disposal, as it is generally viewed as being a relatively quick and affordable method. Conventional alternative methods include composting, rendering, and incineration [4,5]. In addition, the nearest area of remnant farmland has been recommended for burial to effectively prevent the spread of animal diseases in adjacent livestock farms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, the nearest area of remnant farmland has been recommended for burial to effectively prevent the spread of animal diseases in adjacent livestock farms. However, there is a concern regarding the risk of leachate containing high concentrations of contaminants, including ammonium-N (NH 4 + ), nitrate-N (NO 3 − ), chloride (Cl − ), and fecal pathogens.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pratt and Fonstad [9] have found that leachate components might vary depending on the type of buried animal carcass: poultry (NH 4 + -N at 10,400 mg·L −1 and Cl − at 2570 mg·L −1 ), cattle (NH 4 + -N at 14,100 mg·L −1 and Cl − at 2600 mg·L −1 ), and pig (NH 4 + -N at 13,300 mg·L −1 and Cl − at 2380 mg·L −1 ). Moreover, the extent of groundwater contaminants from carcass burial pits is a function of the scale of the burial site, local soil texture, background water quality, groundwater flow direction, and water table depth [3,4]. Pratt and Fonstad [9] reported that contaminants such as ammonium and chloride were detected in the leachate collected 2 years after carcass burial.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In earlier studies of Yoon and Kim [22] and Kim et al [23], it was found that rice husk BCs could adsorb high concentrations of ammonium-N. In addition, Kim et al [23] investigated the potential for remediation of contaminated groundwater using PRBs filled with rice husk BC and found that they could significantly reduce ammonium-N and PO 4 3− -P. A potential application of phytoremediation through biodegradation of groundwater contaminants such as excess nutrients or landfill leachates including ammonium-N, nitrate-N, and PO 4 3− -P has been proposed [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Management of Animal Carcass Disposal Sites Using a Biochar Permeable Reactive Barrier and Fast Growth Tree (Populus euramericana): A Field Study in Korea

Yoon

Kim

Shin³

et al. 2017

Sustainability

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Among many disposal options of animal carcasses due to animal diseases including foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) and avian influenza (AI), on-farm burial has been the most frequently used one in Korea. Animal carcasses generate contaminants such as ammonium-N and chloride. This study aimed at testing biochar (BC) as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) material in combination with fast growing tree species (Populus euramericana) to mitigate groundwater pollution from animal burial sites. For this, a PRB filled with BC was installed and 400 poplar tree (P. euramericana) seedlings were planted. Tested BC was obtained from rice husk and its efficiency to mitigate contaminant migration from a burial site of pig carcasses was tested using ammonium-N, chloride, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH as monitoring parameters. Monitoring wells downstream from the burial site were used. Leachates from a monitoring well, three wells inside the burial site close to PRB and three wells outside the burial site close to PRB were sampled and analyzed for ammonium-N, Cl − , EC, and pH for four years from PRB installation. The pH, EC, and ammonium-N of leachate fluctuated during the test period depending on precipitation. pH, EC, and ammonium-N of the leachate samples collected from outside of the burial site close to PRB decreased compared to those from inside of the burial site close to PRB. The concentrations of ammonium-N in the leachate from the monitoring well kept under the threshold value of 10 mg·L −1 for two years from PRB construction. In addition, the growth of poplar plants appeared to be increased via uptaking available N and P released from the burial sites. Achieved results suggest that BC PRBs can be used to in situ mitigate contaminant release from buried animal carcasses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Management of Animal Carcass Disposal Sites Using a Biochar Permeable Reactive Barrier and Fast Growth Tree (Populus euramericana): A Field Study in Korea

Yoon

Kim

Shin³

et al. 2017

Sustainability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Burial and composting are attractive disposal options for cattle mortalities due to the costs and regulatory restrictions on rendering and incineration of cattle carcasses [6]. On-farm burial is a method preferred by animal producers due to the limited infrastructure requirements and economic benefits [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential water quality impacts originating from land burial of cattle carcasses

Snow

Bartelt–Hunt

2013

Science of The Total Environment

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Among the conventional disposal methods for livestock mortalities, on-farm burial is a preferred method, but the potential water quality impacts of animal carcass burial is not well understood. Typically, on-farm burial pits are constructed without liners to prevent percolation of leachate into soil and groundwater. To date, no information is available on temporal trends for contaminants in leachate produced from livestock mortality pits. In our study, we examined the concentrations of conventional contaminants (electrical conductivity, COD, TOC, TKN, TP, and solids) as well as some antimicrobials and steroid hormones for a period of 20 months. High concentrations of conventional contaminants were detected in leachate collected from the field burial pits. In addition, 17β-estradiol and monensin were also observed at maximum concentrations of 20,069 ng/L and 11,980 ng/L, respectively. Estimated mass loading of total steroid hormones and veterinary pharmaceuticals were determined to be 1.84 and 1.01 µg/kg of buried cattle carcass materials.

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Hydrothermal Degradation of Amino Acids

Korner

2021

ChemSusChem

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Within the past years, hydrothermal processes have gathered much attention as promising conversion technologies for especially wet biomass. Amino acids are an integral component of biomass, zoo biomass in particular. However, what happens to them during hydrothermal treatment? Reviewing the available literature going back to the mid of the 20th century revealed an astonishing, but still fragmentary view. In fact, two universal degradation reactions could be identified (i. e., deamination and decarboxylation), competing with each other.Thereby, small structural differences may obviously have huge impacts on the fate of individual amino acids. Nevertheless, the amount of available experimental data is relatively scarce in many cases. In this work, the available knowledge about the degradation of 20 proteinogenic amino acids under hydrothermal conditions was presented and discussed critically. The hydrothermal conversion of proteinaceus biomass as well as the Maillard reaction, both extensively reviewed elsewhere, were only touched on.

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The environmental and biosecurity characteristics of livestock carcass disposal methods: A review

Cited by 151 publications

References 70 publications

Management of Animal Carcass Disposal Sites Using a Biochar Permeable Reactive Barrier and Fast Growth Tree (Populus euramericana): A Field Study in Korea

Management of Animal Carcass Disposal Sites Using a Biochar Permeable Reactive Barrier and Fast Growth Tree (Populus euramericana): A Field Study in Korea

Potential water quality impacts originating from land burial of cattle carcasses

Hydrothermal Degradation of Amino Acids

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