The entry of enveloped viruses into cells by endocytosis

Marsh, Mark

doi:10.1042/bj2180001

Cited by 228 publications

(100 citation statements)

References 120 publications

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“…Some enveloped viruses such as influenza enter cells by adsorptive endocytosis and then the viral envelope and endosomal membranes fuse to release subviral cores into the cell proper [11,12]. This fusion is mediated by surface proteins which undergo a conformational alteration induced by the acidification of the endosome compartment [45].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A multi-stage process of 'uncoating' follows whereby the viral genome becomes functional and able to direct virus multiplication. This commences when a proton pump in the membrane acidifies the internal environment of the vesicle, causing the HA to undergo a conformational change which leads to primary uncoatingfusion of the viral and vesicle membranes and entry into the cytoplasm proper of the nucleocapsid [10][11][12]. Details of secondary uncoating can only be surmised but there have to be changes in nucleocapsid such as loss of proteins and/or relaxation of structure so that the viral genome can be exposed sufficiently to be expressed.…”

Section: Initial Stages Of Influenza Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Insights into neutralization of animal viruses gained from study of influenza virus

Outlaw

Dimmock

1991

Epidemiol. Infect.

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SUMMARYIt has long been known that the binding of antibodies to viruses can result in a loss of infectivity, or neutralization, but little is understood of the mechanism or mechanisms of this process. This is probably because neutralization is a multifactorial phenomenon depending upon the nature of the virus itself, the particular antigenic site involved, the isotype of immunoglobulin and the ratio of virus to immunoglobulin (see below). Thus not only is it likely that neutralization of one virus will differ from another but that changing the circumstances of neutralization can change the mechanism itself. To give coherence to the topic we are concentrating this review on one virus, influenza type A which is itself well studied and reasonably well understood [1–3]. Reviews of the older literature can be found in references 4 to 7.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Initial Stages Of Influenza Virus Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into neutralization of animal viruses gained from study of influenza virus

Outlaw

Dimmock

1991

Epidemiol. Infect.

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“…The internalization of a number of envelope viruses occurs by receptor-mediated endocytosis (Marsh, 1984) and if this route is blocked by various means infection can be induced by a brief treatment of low pH conditions (Helenius et al, 1980). To examine whether exposure to low pH would enhance JHM internalization in the rat cell lines, JHM was allowed to adsorb to the RN2 and L6 cells, the infected cells were exposed to a medium of pH 5.5 for 5 to 10 min and the internalization of virus was measured.…”

Section: Attempts To Enhance Jhm Internalization Effect Of Ph Shockmentioning

confidence: 99%

Several Rat Cell Lines Share a Common Defect in Their Inability to Internalize Murine Coronaviruses Efficiently

Flintoff¹,

Dinter²

1989

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYInfection of rat cells, Schwannoma RN2, hepatoma HTC or myoblast L6, with the murine coronavirus JHM strain results in a persistent infection characterized by the release of virus over an extended period of time with a limited cytopathology. Several stages of the viral replication cycle have been examined in these cells in comparison to those in mouse L2 cells, which are totally permissive to JHM infection. Although the rat cells bound as much virus as the mouse cells their ability to internalize it was 40-fold less efficient than the mouse cells. This lower internalization efficiency was not enhanced by pH shock of infected cells, but was by treatment with polyethylene glycol. In all cell types there appeared to be no major differences in the ability of the internalized virus to replicate the viral RNA as determined by slot-blot analysis with a radiolabelled viral cDNA. A similar genetic mechanism appears to be operative in the lines because somatic cell hybrids formed between these lines in various combinations were also deficient in the ability to internalize bound virus. Taken together these results imply that rat cell lines in general share a common deficiency in their inability to internalize murine coronaviruses efficiently. This low efficiency in viral internalization may explain in part the ability of these lines to sustain persistent infections.

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“…The second route, which appears to be employed by several other enveloped viruses, is endocytosis of the particle into the cell, after which the viral genome is liberated into the cytoplasm (Dales, 1973;Longberg-Holm & Philipson, 1974). Recently, it has been convincingly shown that several enveloped viruses (White et al, 1980(White et al, , 1983Matlin et al, 1981Matlin et al, , 1982Yoshimura et al, 1982) can fuse efficiently with different target membranes at acidic, but not neutral pH and it has been proposed that fusion is involved in the infectious entry process of enveloped viruses, whereby viral genetic material is liberated into the cytosol either at the plasma membrane or from acidic endosomal compartments (Marsh, 1984).T. KIMURA, S. W. GOLLINS AND J. S. PORTERFIELD Sigma).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of pH on the Early Interaction of West Nile Virus with P388D1 Cells

Kimura¹,

Gollins²,

Porterfield³

1986

Journal of General Virology

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SUMMARYThe interaction between the flavivirus West Nile virus (WNV) and cells of the mouse macrophage-like cell line, P388D1, was assayed by transmission electron microscopy, by following the association of [35S]methionine-labelled virus with cells, and by using a radiobinding assay with an 125I-labelled F(ab')2 fragment of a monoclonal antibody directed against the major viral envelope surface glycoprotein. Using electron microscopy, both fusion and endocytosis were observed at pH 6.4, but at pH 8.0 only endocytosis was observed. When 35S-labelled WNV was bound to the P388DI cell surface at 0 °C, less virus eluted on warming to 37 °C at mildly acidic than at alkaline or neutral pH values. The monoclonal antibody fragment had an increased affinity for cell surface viral E glycoprotein after prebound WNV was warmed at mildly acidic pH values. It is proposed that the warming of cell-virus mixtures at low pH results in fusion with a consequent reduction in elution of virus and an increase in the recognition of cell surface-expressed viral envelope glycoprotein by labelled antibody.

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The entry of enveloped viruses into cells by endocytosis

Cited by 228 publications

References 120 publications

Insights into neutralization of animal viruses gained from study of influenza virus

Insights into neutralization of animal viruses gained from study of influenza virus

Several Rat Cell Lines Share a Common Defect in Their Inability to Internalize Murine Coronaviruses Efficiently

The Effect of pH on the Early Interaction of West Nile Virus with P388D1 Cells

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