The entrepreneurial puzzle: explaining the gender gap

Abstract

Entrepreneur, Technology transfer, Gender differences, Venture capital, Scientific productivity, O31, O34, O38, J44, J71,

Academics’ entrepreneurship propensities and gender differences

“…Previous studies in economics, social sciences, sociology, and behavioral sciences have noted that the likelihood of academics to engage in commercial activities is often shaped by the non-pecuniary reward structure of academic science (Göktepe-Hultén and Mahagaonkar 2010; Shane 2000; Stephan and El-Ganainy 2007). Well-known human and social factors that are often utilized to explain the likelihood of becoming an entrepreneur indicate advantages for male faculty.…”

“…Second, we include personal (individual) variables along with situational and contextual factors. Third, the focus is on gender differences in the descriptive statistics and, more importantly, in the determinants of entrepreneurial propensity (see Colyvas et al 2012;Elam 2008;Stephan and El-Ganainy 2007;Sullivan and Meek 2012;Thursby and Thursby 2005). 1 Fourth, unlike most research in the area, we consider ex ante, and not ex post, propensity toward entrepreneurship (see Fischer et al 1993;Goel and Grimpe 2012;Goel and Göktepe-Hultén 2013;Krabel and Mueller 2009).…”

Are all academic entrepreneurs created alike? Evidence from Germany

“…Two factors that fall into this category are gender (Corley and Gaughan 2005;Rosa and Dawson 2006;Stephan and El-Ganainy 2007;Thursby and Thursby 2005) and age/experience of the researcher. These conditions are likely to dictate propensities towards entrepreneurship.…”

Boundary-spanning in emerging technology research: determinants of funding success for academic scientists

“…Studies have addressed the supply and demand issues as well as the wide variety of possible factors which affect the participation and advancement of women in S&E careers (Bruer et al 1991;Long and Fox 1995;Fox 2005); and the gender gap in relevant activities such as technology transfer, patenting, collaboration, and so on (Bozeman and Corley 2004;Azoulay et al 2007;Link et al 2007). Moreover, Stephan and El-Ganainy (2007) identified that different attitudes towards competition between men and women may be one possible reason for the gender gap in entrepreneurial activity. Their argument is based on the work of Niederle and Vesterlund (2005), in which women are found to dislike competition more than men.…”