The enigma of the clandestine association between chloroquine and <scp>HIV</scp>‐1 infection

Chauhan, Ankur; Tikoo, Akshay

doi:10.1111/hiv.12295

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Human trials of chloroquine showed no improvement in chikungunya acute illness and rather an increase in chronic arthralgia was observed during post-illness period, compared to the controls [35]. The role of chloroquine against Human Immunodeficiency Virus was inconclusive [36]. The only viral disease where chloroquine was modestly effective so far before COVID-19 era was chronic hepatitis C suggesting an increased virological response to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin [37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries

Singh

Shaikh

et al. 2020

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Revi

431

388

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries

Singh

Shaikh

et al. 2020

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Revi

431

388

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“…Recently, one of the review papers suggests the rational uses of chloroquine analogs counteract immune activation in HIV infection (Savarino and Shytaj ). However, another retrospective review confronts the statement of ‘dampening of immune activation by the analog’ (Chauhan and Tikoo ). Thus, if the analog‐based strategies pursue in future studies, some factors must be taken into considerations such as dose‐ and dosage form selection, starting time for treatment etc., in order to maximize the effectiveness of the analogs in vivo.…”

Section: Effectiveness Of Chloroquine Analogs In Emerging Virusesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases

Al‐Bari

2017

Pharmacol Res Perspect

318

229

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Emerging viruses such as HIV, dengue, influenza A, SARS coronavirus, Ebola, and other viruses pose a significant threat to human health. Majority of these viruses are responsible for the outbreaks of pathogenic lethal infections. To date, there are no effective therapeutic strategies available for the prophylaxis and treatment of these infections. Chloroquine analogs have been used for decades as the primary and most successful drugs against malaria. Concomitant with the emergence of chloroquine‐resistant Plasmodium strains and a subsequent decrease in the use as antimalarial drugs, other applications of the analogs have been investigated. Since the analogs have interesting biochemical properties, these drugs are found to be effective against a wide variety of viral infections. As antiviral action, the analogs have been shown to inhibit acidification of endosome during the events of replication and infection. Moreover, immunomodulatory effects of analogs have been beneficial to patients with severe inflammatory complications of several viral diseases. Interestingly, one of the successful targeting strategies is the inhibition of HIV replication by the analogs in vitro which are being tested in several clinical trials. This review focuses on the potentialities of chloroquine analogs for the treatment of endosomal low pH dependent emerging viral diseases.

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“…Thus, chloroquine can directly inhibit viruses that require an acidic pH inside the LE/Lys to enter into the cytosol and can mitigate the deleterious effect of the immune activation induced by certain viral infections. Unfortunately, in vivo evidence do not support, or poorly support, the efficacy of chloroquine in the treatment of HIV, dengue, EBOV and influenza [42,70,72,[80][81][82]. Two clinical trials specifically aimed at addressing chloroquine efficacy on acute phase of chikungunya virus infection were concluded with contrasting results [69].…”

Section: Antimalarial Drugsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiviral activity of cationic amphiphilic drugs

Salata

Calistri

Parolin

et al. 2017

Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy

122

123

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Emerging and reemerging viral infections represent a major concern for human and veterinary public health and there is an urgent need for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. Areas covered: A recent strategy in antiviral research is based on the identification of molecules targeting host functions required for infection of multiple viruses. A number of FDA-approved drugs used to treat several human diseases are cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) that have the ability to accumulate inside cells affecting several structures/functions hijacked by viruses during infection. In this review we summarized the CADs' chemical properties and effects on the cells and reported the main FDA-approved CADs that have been identified so far as potential antivirals in drug repurposing studies. Expert commentary: Although there have been concerns regarding the efficacy and the possible side effects of the off-label use of CADs as antivirals, they seem to represent a promising starting point for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral strategies. Further knowledge about their mechanism of action is required to improve their antiviral activity and to reduce the risk of side effects.

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The enigma of the clandestine association between chloroquine and HIV‐1 infection

Abstract: The use of CQ in HIV-1-infected patients is questionable. The evidence for a dampening of immune activation by CQ is inconclusive.

Cited by 39 publications

References 49 publications

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries

Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries

Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases

Antiviral activity of cationic amphiphilic drugs

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