The enhancement of avian NK cell cytotoxicity by thymulin is not mediated by the regulation of IFN-γ production

Merlino, Patricia G.; Marsh, James A.

doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00042-8

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Chicken IFN-γ increases the expression of class II MHC on antigen presenting cells and directly activates macrophages and natural killer cells which can excrete further inflammatory effector molecules such as TNF-α that may destroy tissue. [34-36]. Since TNF-α has not been identified in the avian genome, we tested TL1A and LITAF which both were significantly up-modulated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the host Th1 immune response in pigeon protozoal encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis calchasi

Olias

Meyer

Klopfleisch

et al. 2013

Vet Res

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Pigeon protozoal encephalitis (PPE) is an emerging central-nervous disease of domestic pigeons (Columba livia f. domestica) reported in Germany and the United States. It is caused by the apicomplexan parasite Sarcocystis calchasi which is transmitted by Accipter hawks. In contrast to other members of the Apicomplexa such as Toxoplasma and Plasmodium, the knowledge about the pathophysiology and host manipulation of Sarcocystis is scarce and almost nothing is known about PPE. Here we show by mRNA expression profiling a significant down-modulation of the interleukin (IL)-12/IL-18/interferon (IFN)-γ axis in the brains of experimentally infected pigeons during the schizogonic phase of disease. Concomitantly, no cellular immune response was observed in histopathology while immunohistochemistry and nested PCR detected S. calchasi. In contrast, in the late central-nervous phase, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α-related cytokines were significantly up-modulated, which correlated with a prominent MHC-II protein expression in areas of mononuclear cell infiltration and necrosis. The mononuclear cell fraction was mainly composed of T-lymphocytes, fewer macrophages and B-lymphocytes. Surprisingly, the severity and composition of the immune cell response appears unrelated to the infectious dose, although the severity and onset of the central nervous signs clearly was dose-dependent. We identified no or only very few tissue cysts by immunohistochemistry in pigeons with severe encephalitis of which one pigeon repeatedly remained negative by PCR despite severe lesions. Taken together, these observations may suggest an immune evasion strategy of S. calchasi during the early phase and a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction as cause of the extensive cerebral lesions during the late neurological phase of disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulation of the host Th1 immune response in pigeon protozoal encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis calchasi

Olias

Meyer

Klopfleisch

et al. 2013

Vet Res

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“…While other factors, such as interleukins (IL‐1, ‐2, ‐4, ‐6, ‐8, ‐10, and ‐13), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), might be present in thymic supernatant and stimulate nitric oxide production by macrophages (Karaca et al, 1996), previous observations from a study of IFN‐γ production by chicken T‐cells demonstrated that the nitrite‐inducing activity produced by a T‐cell–enriched population was strongly correlated with IFN titer, and that the heat labile IFN (IFN‐γ) was responsible for this activity (Lowenthal et al, 1995). This bioassay has been employed successfully by other investigators (Kaiser et al, 2000; Merlino and Marsh, 2002) to study chicken IFN‐γ production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Developmental immunotoxicity of lead: Impact on thymic function

Lee

Dietert

2003

Birth Defects Research

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“…The IFNγ can increase the activity of NK cells in vitro whereas the IFNα can decrease the NK cells activity (Jarosinski et al, 2001;Merlino and Marsh, 2002).…”

Section: Chicken Immune System In Response To Bacteria Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptome analysis of primary lymphoid tissues in response to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)

Sun

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The enhancement of avian NK cell cytotoxicity by thymulin is not mediated by the regulation of IFN-γ production

Cited by 11 publications

References 21 publications

Modulation of the host Th1 immune response in pigeon protozoal encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis calchasi

Modulation of the host Th1 immune response in pigeon protozoal encephalitis caused by Sarcocystis calchasi

Developmental immunotoxicity of lead: Impact on thymic function

Transcriptome analysis of primary lymphoid tissues in response to avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)

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