The energy loss of photons and cosmological redshift*

Abstract

The "tired light" hypothesis interprets the cosmological redshift on an assumption of energy loss of photons interacting with massive particles by some researchers. A new mechanistic model of "tired light" is proposed by establishing a differential equation through the analysis of a photon's energy loss based on the classical electromagnetic theory and principles of the mass-energy equivalence and the wave-particle duality. The photon transfers some energy to massive particles by Lorentz electric force in their interaction. The expanding result of the equation's solution is a formula for redshift, which shows a relationship of redshift to the wavelength of light and the number of massive particles that the photon encountered. The model agrees with the observational data in the cited literature by the relationship of redshift to wavelength of light. And, the relationship of redshift to the number of massive particles encountered by the photons explains the "limb effect" on the solar disc, the signal redshift of Pioneer 6, and the large redshifts of quasars, all of which cannot be explained by the Doppler effect. The new model provides a basis for the hypothesis of "tired light" to become a reasonable theory. V C 2013 Physics Essays Publication. [http://dx.Résumé: L'hypothèse de la "fatigue de la lumière" interprète le décalage spectral cosmologique comme dû à la perte d'énergie de photons en interaction avec des particules massives par certains chercheurs. Un nouveau modèle mécanique de fatigue de la lumière est proposé ici, grâce à l'établissement d'une équation différentielle, elle-même fondée sur l'analyse de la perte d'énergie du photon, analyse fondée sur la théorie électromagnétique classique, le principe de l'équivalence masse-énergie, et la dualité onde-particule. Le photon communique de l'énergie aux particules massives par l'intervention dans l'interaction d'une force de Lorentz électrique. La solution de l'équation est une formule donnant le décalage spectral, et démontre une relation entre ce décalage et la longueur d'onde, et le nombre de particules massives rencontrées par ce photon. Le modèle est en accord avec les données de l'observation telles que connues dans la littérature en ce qui concerne cette relation entre le décalage spectral et la longueur d'onde. Et la relation entre le décalage spectral et le nombre de particules massives explique l'effet de bord (limb effect) observé sur le disque solaire, mais aussi le décalage spectral du signal reçu de la sonde Pionnier 6, et le décalage spectral très important du spectre des quasars, aucun de ces effets ne pouvant être expliqué par l'effet Doppler. Ce nouveau modèle fournit les fondements de l'hypothèse de la fatigue de la lumière, qui peut alors devenir une théorie raisonnable.

Tired Light Denies the Big Bang

“…The expression for the cosmological redshift, based on the tired light theory, obtained by Shao in 2013, is, Z ¼ exp kNλ 0 þ u ðÞ À 1, where k is a coefficient, N is the number of material particles that a photon interacts with in its course from emitter to observer, λ 0 is the original wavelength of the light, and u is the change of the wavelength induced by the gravitational effect [2].…”

“…After necessary treatment for the data, relations between redshift Z and wavelength λ 0 have been fitted to Eq. (8) as follows [2]. For 3C47, the relation is,…”

“…The main reason of Hubble used it is that the Doppler effect was the only interpretation for redshift at that time. Zwicky advanced an alternative, that is, the tired light hypothesis, which led to TLT (tired light theory) [1,2]. TLT developed the tired light hypothesis on the foundations of physics, that is, electromagnetic field theory and the Lorentz force.…”

“…TLT gives a clear explanation of the Limber effect-the largest redshift on the limb of the solar disc is due to the fact that the light emitted from the edge of the surface of the Sun encounters more material particles while traveling to Earth and therefore loses more energy than that from the inner part of the solar disc, since the atmosphere of the Sun at the edge of the solar disc has the deepest length along the line of sight of an observer on Earth [2].…”

“…Fortunately, the study of "tired light" theory has continued. In 2013, Shao developed the "tired light" hypothesis on the basis of physical principles, that is, (a) electromagnetic field theory, (b) the mass-energy equivalence, (c) the quantum light theory, and (d) the Lorentz theory [2]. Based on these physical principles, the "tired light" theory explains the cosmological redshift as the result of photon energy loss due to the interactions with material particles as photons travel through cosmological space.…”