The Energy Cost of Horizontal and Grade Walking on the Motor-Driven Treadmill

Erickson, Lester; Simonson, Ernst; Taylor, Henry L.; Alexander, Howard W.; Keys, Ancel

doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1946.145.3.391

Cited by 59 publications

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“…The results of the experiments of Erickson et al (1946) on two subjects show some variation. One of the subjects had only a mild deterioration in oxygen extraction as the work increased, and then only at the maximal rates; the effect on the second subject was an obvious gradual decrease in 'respiratory efficiency' as the exercise became greater.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…For J.B. the maximum efficiency was reached with 5 kg on gradient no. 1 Benedict & Murschhauser (1915), Smith (1922), Erickson et al (1946), which means deduction of the metabolic cost of walking on the level, then the values for the efficiency are The results of the preliminary experiment (Table 1) showed the large variability only to be expected in an investigation of this nature, carried out in winter, under uncontrolled conditions. The oxygen consumption generally was also rather high for the rate of climbing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and efficiency of climbing with loads at low altitudes

Durnin¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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Many well-controlled investigations on the metabolic results of exercise have been carried out under laboratory conditions. In sharp contrast is the dearth of similar experiments done in natural outdoor conditions. The present experiments were undertaken to find the consumption of oxygen and the expenditure of energy during actual climbing. The observations were made on the side of Ben Lomond in Scotland. The subjects were made to carry loads of different size, but were allowed to climb at their own pace.Up to about 1920, several reports had appeared in the literature on the metabolism during, and efficiencyof, walking uphill, commonlyknown as grade walking. Many of these experiments were done out of doors (Schumburg & Zuntz, 1896;Loewy, Loewy & Zuntz, 1897; Biirgi, 1900;Durig & Zuntz, 1904;Durig, 1906; Douglas, Haldane, Henderson & Schneider, 1913), the majority being carried out at altitudes well above sea-level. Also, except in the experiments by Douglas et al., the apparatus was of the Zuntz type, the subject having to wear a heavy and bulky dry air-meter on his back to record his ventilation. Since that time, there have been studies both on carriage of loads and on grade walking. Cathcart & Orr (1919), Cathcart, Richardson & Campbell (1923), Atzler & Herbst (1929), Pollack, French & Berryman (1944), Glasow & Miller (1951), all measured the metabolic cost of carrying loads, but on level ground. Margaria (1939), Knehr, Dill & Neufeld (1942), Taylor (1944, and Erickson, Simonson, Taylor, Alexander & Keys (1946), studied the effect of gradient using a treadmill in the laboratory; but loads were not carried. Workers in the past were handicapped by heavy or clumsy apparatus. There is now available a light-weight portable air-meter, or respirometer, which allows pulmonary ventilation and oxygen consumption to be determined under natural conditions over fairly long periods of time.In order to provide a basis for estimating the probable amounts of oxygen which would need to be carried to high altitudes, the 1953 British Mount

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and efficiency of climbing with loads at low altitudes

Durnin¹

1955

The Journal of Physiology

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“…Five subjects were accustomed to metabolic work, but showed no marked difference from the remainder. Although it is well known that training plays a marked effect on the cost of such complicated activities as stationary bicycling, Erickson, Simonson, Taylor, Alexander & Keys (1946) have shown that in walking on a treadmill under standardized conditions repetition produces no reduction in metabolic cost. In these simple tests, with ourselves as subjects, we have found no improvement following training.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual variations in the metabolic cost of standardized exercises: the effects of food, age, sex and race

Mahadeva¹,

Passmore²,

Woolf³

1953

The Journal of Physiology

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A provisional yardstick of human calorie requirements has been provided by a report from the Nutrition Division of the Food and Agricultural Organization (F.A.O.) of the United Nations (1950). In a world beset with food shortages and an increasing population this is of great practical importance.The report draws attention to several gaps in fundamental physiological knowledge. Thus the variation in the Basal Metabolic Rates (B.M.R.), the foundation upon which standards for human energy requirements have been built, is not well-defined in different population groups. Recently Quenouille, Boyne, Fisher & Leitch (1951) have made a new assessment of normal B.M.R. standards in relation to sex, stature, age, climate and race. Robertson & Reid (1952) have made measurements of the B.M.R.'S of a large series of the British people. These authors have discussed body size, age, sex and race in relation to B.M.R.'S. We now have a good body of data on this subject, but there is little or no data of the effect of these factors on the metabolism during muscular activities. If metabolic variations of the same order occurred during exercise, they would profoundly affect the food requirements of a population.In the present investigation we have studied the energy expenditure of fifty persons of varying size and age, male and female, European and Asiatic, during the carrying out of two different standard muscular activities. The first one was a stepping test in which there was measurable external work performed in raising the body weight and the second was walking, an ordinary everyday activity. In these two activities the movements involved are those to which the subjects are of necessity accustomed in every-day life, and so should be little affected by training or practice.A statistical analysis of our data shows that energy expenditure during stepping or walking can be very closely predicted from a knowledge of body weight, and that no significant increase in precision is gained by also taking PH. CXXI. 15

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“…Although a maximal stress test should have a higher diagnostic yield, the fear of medicolegal complications has dictated the use of a submaximal test. The first 617 participants did a double two-step test exactly as specified by Master.1 All subsequent tests have consisted of walking for 10 min at 3 mph on a motor-driven treadmill set at a 5% grade.4 11 Tests are performed only at the discretion of the physician who has reviewed the history, done the physical examination, and examined the resting electrocardiogram. Electrocardiographic abnormality does not exclude the subject from the exercise test.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Prognosis of an Abnormal Electrocardiographic Stress Test

1970

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Treadmill walking for 10 min at 3 mph against a 5% grade has been used as an electrocardiographic (ECG) stress test as part of a prospective epidemiologic study of 2,437 men. From 19532,437 men. From through 1966 have been done without untoward event.The criteria of an abnormal postexercise ECG were ischemic flattening or coving of the S-T segment, T-wave changes consistent with focal left ventricular epicardial ischemia, and paroxysmal left bundle-branch block.Of the 2,003 men exercised two or more times, 264 developed some manifestation of ischemic heart disease (IHD) and in 75 (30%) this was an abnormal ECG response to exercise. They had higher blood pressures and were more often heavy smokers than normal responders. Body weight and serum cholesterol were similar in the two groups. Over the next 5 years there was an 85% probability that these abnormal responders would develop angina pectoris or experience a myocardial infarction.These relatively insensitive but highly specific and reproducible ECG criteria accurately identify men with clinically silent but far-advanced coronary atherosclerosis, attested by the poor prognosis of an abnormal response. An abnormal postexercise ECG is valid evidence of IHD. A submaximal ECG stress test is useful in clinical and epidemiologic studies and might be useful in assessing the effectiveness of efforts to reduce the risk of IHD.Additional Indexing Words: Ischemic (coronary) heart disease Exercise IT IS generally, although not universally, accepted that transient abnormalities of intraventricular conduction and of ventricular repolarization appearing during or after exercise are manifestations of reversible myocardial ischemia. In the absence of myocardial or valvar dysfunction, anemia, electrolyte disturbance, or digitalis, these electrocardiographic abnormalities are imputed to the inability of coronary arteries narrowed by atheroma to deliver enough blood to meet the immediate energy requirements of the increased myocardial work load. The electrocardiographic criteria of induced myocardial

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The Energy Cost of Horizontal and Grade Walking on the Motor-Driven Treadmill

Cited by 59 publications

References 0 publications

The oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and efficiency of climbing with loads at low altitudes

The oxygen consumption, energy expenditure, and efficiency of climbing with loads at low altitudes

Individual variations in the metabolic cost of standardized exercises: the effects of food, age, sex and race

The Prognosis of an Abnormal Electrocardiographic Stress Test

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