The energy balance, evapo-transpiration and nocturnal dew deposition of an arid valley in the Andes

Kalthoff, Norbert; Fiebig-Wittmaack, Melitta; Meißner, Cathérine; Köhler, Martin; Uriarte, M.; Bischoff‐Gauß, I.; Gonzáles, Edgard

doi:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.08.013

Cited by 133 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Similar studies with flux measurements and quality control are reported by e.g. Kalthoff et al (2006) and Mauder et al (2006). The stations of the surface networks were distributed over the COPS domain, including measurements at the supersites or close by, if a specific supersite was not appropriate for turbulence measurements (e.g.…”

Section: Experimental Set-up and Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 67%

The dependence of convection‐related parameters on surface and boundary‐layer conditions over complex terrain

Kalthoff

Köhler

Barthlott

et al. 2010

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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The field campaign 'Convective and Orographically-induced Precipitation Study' (COPS) was performed in south-western Germany and eastern France in summer 2007. Within the COPS context this study focused on the process chain of soil moisture, surface fluxes, conditions of the convective boundary layer (CBL), and convection-related parameters.The results were different for valley and mountain sites. Only in the Rhine valley did the ratios of sensible and latent heat to the net radiation at the surface, H 0 /Q 0 and E 0 /Q 0 respectively, reveal a weak dependence on soil moisture. H 0 /Q 0 was lower and E 0 /Q 0 was higher at higher soil moisture. The correlation of the diurnal increase of the equivalent potential temperature, e , with the energy supplied by H 0 and E 0 was found to be lower for higher surface inhomogeneity. Furthermore, only a weak dependence of the CBL depth on the sensible surface heat flux was found for valley sites and was non-existent for the mountain crest.The convective indices in the whole COPS domain were found to depend on e in the CBL. The absolute values of conditional and potential instability are not necessarily the decisive parameters for convection to occur, because highest instability was observed in the Rhine valley while convection was preferably initiated over the mountains. Convective inhibition (CIN) was positively correlated with the capping strength and negatively with the CBL height: the higher the CBL, the lower the upper threshold of CIN. The frequency of low CIN was higher in the Black Forest mountains than in the Rhine valley, which facilitates convection initiation over the mountain sites.

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Section: Experimental Set-up and Site Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 67%

The dependence of convection‐related parameters on surface and boundary‐layer conditions over complex terrain

Kalthoff

Köhler

Barthlott

et al. 2010

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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“…There is evidence of declining average annual precipitation in the basin, most pronounced in the coastal area, in the order of 50% over the period 1900-2000 (Cepeda et al 2004;Mall 2005;Kalthoft et al 2006 Fig. 2) show that there has been a decrease in precipitation in the area (Cepeda et al 2004;Carrasco et al 2005;Kalthoft et al 2006).…”

Section: Dry Periods and Natural Vegetationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Dryland ecosystems are susceptible to even small changes in the water cycle (Kalthoft et al 2006), and the Elqui Valley has been referred to as one of the most sensitive areas to water variability in South America (Downing et al 1994). The climate, with an inland annual average precipitation of approximately 110 mm, is strongly influenced by ENSO, with several years of dry conditions (La Niña) followed by periods of intense rainfall events (El Niño).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vulnerability and adaptation in a dryland community of the Elqui Valley, Chile

et al. 2009

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Livelihoods in drylands are already challenged by the demands of climate variability, and climate change is expected to have further implications for water resource availability in these regions. This paper characterizes the vulnerability of an irrigation-dependent agricultural community located in the Elqui River Basin of Northern Chile to water and climate-related conditions in light of climate change. The paper documents the exposures and sensitivities faced by the community in light of current water shortages, and identifies their ability to manage these exposures under a changing climate. The IPCC identifies potentially increased aridity in this region with climate change; furthermore, the Elqui River is fed by snowmelt and glaciers, and its flows will be affected by a warming climate. Community vulnerability occurs within a broader physical, economic, political and social context, and vulnerability in the community varies amongst occupations, resource uses and accessibility to water resources, making some more susceptible to changing conditions in the future. This case study highlights the need for adaptation to current land and water management practices to maintain livelihoods in the face of changes many people are not expecting.

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“…Figure 4 shows the radiative effects of the cirrus anvils at Chilbolton, where solar and surface fluxes were measured. Surface heat fluxes (Figure 4(a)) were measured by eddy correlation (Andreas et al, 2005;Kalthoff et al, 2006). Visible top-of-atmosphere reflectance is shown in red and green, and 11 µm brightness temperature is shown in blue, so that cirrus appears blue and cumulus yellow.…”

Section: Synoptic Situation and Overview Of Convective Initiation In mentioning

confidence: 99%

Variable cirrus shading during CSIP IOP 5. I: Effects on the initiation of convection

Marsham

Morcrette

Browning

et al. 2007

Quart J Royal Meteoro Soc

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ABSTRACT:Observations from the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) show that on 29 June 2005 (Intensive Observation Period 5) cirrus patches left over from previous thunderstorms reduced surface sensible and latent heat fluxes in the CSIP area. Large-eddy model (LEM) simulations, using moving positive surface-flux anomalies, show that we expect the observed moving gaps in the cirrus cover to significantly aid convective initiation. In these simulations, the timing of the CI is largely determined by the amount of heat added to the boundary layer, but weak convergence at the rear edge of the moving anomalies is also significant.Meteosat and rain-radar data are combined to determine the position of convective initiation for all 25 trackable showers in the CSIP area. The results are consistent with the LEM simulations, with showers initiating at the rear edge of gaps, at the leading edge of the anvil, or in clear skies, in all but one of the cases. The initiation occurs in relatively clear skies in all but two of the cases, with the exceptions probably linked to orographic effects.For numerical weather prediction, the case highlights the importance of predicting and assimilating cloud cover. The results show that in the absence of stronger forcings, weak forcings, such as from the observed cirrus shading, can determine the precise location and timing of convective initiation. In such cases, since the effects of shading by cirrus anvils from previous convective storms are relatively unpredictable, this is expected to limit the predictability of the convective initiation.

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The energy balance, evapo-transpiration and nocturnal dew deposition of an arid valley in the Andes

Cited by 133 publications

References 23 publications

The dependence of convection‐related parameters on surface and boundary‐layer conditions over complex terrain

The dependence of convection‐related parameters on surface and boundary‐layer conditions over complex terrain

Vulnerability and adaptation in a dryland community of the Elqui Valley, Chile

Variable cirrus shading during CSIP IOP 5. I: Effects on the initiation of convection

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