The energetics of cycling on Earth, Moon and Mars

Lazzer, Stefano; Plaino, Luca; Antonutto, G.

doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1410-1

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The different relations between the environment and speed and power output could be partly related to a temperature effect on air density, as the aerodynamic drag of a cyclist is related to air density and temperature (3,9,17). For example, at an air temperature of 11°C, the temperature reported to optimize laboratory cycling capacity (14), air density is approximately 1.245 kg·m −3 at sea level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Heat and Heat Acclimatization on Cycling Time Trial Performance and Pacing

Racinais

Périard

Karlsen

et al. 2015

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

136

190

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PurposeThis study aimed to determine the effects of heat acclimatization on performance and pacing during outdoor cycling time trials (TT, 43.4 km) in the heat.MethodsNine cyclists performed three TT in hot ambient conditions (TTH, approximately 37°C) on the first (TTH-1), sixth (TTH-2), and 14th (TTH-3) days of training in the heat. Data were compared with the average of two TT in cool condition (approximately 8°C) performed before and after heat acclimatization (TTC).ResultsTTH-1 (77 ± 6 min) was slower (P = 0.001) than TTH-2 (69 ± 5 min), and both were slower (P < 0.01) than TTC and TTH-3 (66 ± 3 and 66 ± 4 min, respectively), without differences between TTC and TTH-3 (P > 0.05). The cyclists initiated the first 20% of all TT at a similar power output, irrespective of climate and acclimatization status; however, during TTH-1, they subsequently had a marked decrease in power output, which was partly attenuated after 6 d of acclimatization and was further reduced after 14 d. HR was higher during the first 20% of TTH-1 than that in the other TT (P < 0.05), but there were no differences between conditions from 30% onward. Final rectal temperature was similar in all TTH (40.2°C ± 0.4°C, P = 1.000) and higher than that in TTC (38.5°C ± 0.6°C, P < 0.001).ConclusionsAfter 2 wk of acclimatization, trained cyclists are capable of completing a prolonged TT in a similar time in the heat compared with cool conditions, whereas in the unacclimatized state, they experienced a marked decrease in power output during the TTH.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Heat and Heat Acclimatization on Cycling Time Trial Performance and Pacing

Racinais

Périard

Karlsen

et al. 2015

Medicine &Amp; Science in Sports &Amp; Exercise

136

190

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“…Recently, this concept has been further elaborated by di Prampero et al (2009) who proposed the construction of a Lunar or Martian cycling track tunnel. A description of this project and of the TBS concept can be found in the paper of Lazzer et al (2010) in the present issue of this Journal.…”

Section: Cycling In Space On the Moon And Marsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Disuse of the musculo-skeletal system in space and on earth

2010

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Muscle mass and strength are well known to decline in response to actual and simulated microgravity exposure. However, despite the considerable knowledge gained on the physiological changes induced by spaceflight, the mechanisms of muscle atrophy and the effectiveness of in-flight countermeasures still need to be fully elucidated. The present review examines the effects and mechanisms of actual and simulated microgravity on single fibre and whole muscle structural and functional properties, protein metabolism, tendon mechanical properties, neural drive and reflex excitability. The effects of inflight countermeasures are also discussed in the light of recent advances in resistive loading techniques, in combined physical, pharmacological and nutritional interventions as well as in the development of artificial gravity systems. Emphasis has been given to the pioneering work of Pietro Enrico di Prampero in the development of artificial gravity systems and in the progress of knowledge on the limits of human muscular performance in space.

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“…In this context, standardized approaches for assessing human variability in EE measured at rest in the postabsorptive state as the basal metabolic rate (BMR) or in the postprandial state as the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) are well-defined (Schutz, 2008; Schutz and Dulloo, in press), as are measurements of the energy cost of moderate-to-high intensity exercise performed during treadmill walking/running, repetitive bench press and squat exercises or during cycling ergometry (Donovan and Brooks, 1977; Bijker et al, 2001; Robergs et al, 2007; Lazzer et al, 2011). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A standardized approach to study human variability in isometric thermogenesis during low-intensity physical activity

Sarafian¹,

Miles-Chan²,

Yepuri³

et al. 2013

Front. Physiol.

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Limitations of current methods: The assessment of human variability in various compartments of daily energy expenditure (EE) under standardized conditions is well defined at rest [as basal metabolic rate (BMR) and thermic effect of feeding (TEF)], and currently under validation for assessing the energy cost of low-intensity dynamic work. However, because physical activities of daily life consist of a combination of both dynamic and isometric work, there is also a need to develop standardized tests for assessing human variability in the energy cost of low-intensity isometric work.Experimental objectives: Development of an approach to study human variability in isometric thermogenesis by incorporating a protocol of intermittent leg press exercise of varying low-intensity isometric loads with measurements of EE by indirect calorimetry.Results: EE was measured in the seated position with the subject at rest or while intermittently pressing both legs against a press-platform at 5 low-intensity isometric loads (+5, +10, +15, +20, and +25 kg force), each consisting of a succession of 8 cycles of press (30 s) and rest (30 s). EE, integrated over each 8-min period of the intermittent leg press exercise, was found to increase linearly across the 5 isometric loads with a correlation coefficient (r) > 0.9 for each individual. The slope of this EE-Load relationship, which provides the energy cost of this standardized isometric exercise expressed per kg force applied intermittently (30 s in every min), was found to show good repeatability when assessed in subjects who repeated the same experimental protocol on 3 separate days: its low intra-individual coefficient of variation (CV) of ~ 10% contrasted with its much higher inter-individual CV of 35%; the latter being mass-independent but partly explained by height.Conclusion: This standardized approach to study isometric thermogenesis opens up a new avenue for research in EE phenotyping and metabolic predisposition to obesity.

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The energetics of cycling on Earth, Moon and Mars

Cited by 6 publications

References 47 publications

Effect of Heat and Heat Acclimatization on Cycling Time Trial Performance and Pacing

Effect of Heat and Heat Acclimatization on Cycling Time Trial Performance and Pacing

Disuse of the musculo-skeletal system in space and on earth

A standardized approach to study human variability in isometric thermogenesis during low-intensity physical activity

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