The endosperm in seed development

Brink, R. A.; Cooper, D. C.

doi:10.1007/bf02861549

Cited by 179 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 132 publications

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“…Furthermore, inclusive fitness, intersexual conflict, and parent-offspring conflict theories indicate that a triploid endosperm should be selectively advantageous compared with a diploid endosperm (Westoby and Rice 1982;Queller 1983Queller , 1989Willson and Burley 1983;Haig and Westoby 1989;Friedman 1995). This could be because an increase in ploidy level promotes endosperm vigor (Brink and Cooper 1947;Stebbins 1974). Alternatively, it could be because detrimental effects of genetic conflicts of interest associated with diploid endosperm are balanced by the addition of a second maternal nucleus to produce the characteristic 2: 1 maternal:paternal genome ratio of triploid endosperm (Johnston et al 1980;Lin 1984;Queller 1989;Haig andWestoby 1989, 1991;Moore and Haig 1991;Grossniklaus et al 2001).…”

Section: Modularity Of the Angiosperm Female Gametophyte And The Evolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modularity of the Angiosperm Female Gametophyte and Its Bearing on the Early Evolution of Endosperm in Flowering Plants

Friedman

Williams

2003

Evolution

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Abstract. The monosporic seven-celled/eight-nucleate Polygonum-type female gametophyte has long served as a focal point for discussion of the origin and subsequent evolution of the angiosperm female gametophyte. In Polygonumtype female gametophytes, two haploid female nuclei are incorporated into the central cell, and fusion of a sperm cell with the binucleate central cell produces a triploid endosperm with a complement of two maternal and one paternal genomes, characteristic of most angiosperms. We document the development of a four-celled/four-nucleate female gametophyte in Nuphar polysepala (Engelm.) and infer its presence in many other ancient lineages of angiosperms. The central cell of the female gametophyte in these taxa contains only one haploid nucleus; thus endosperm is diploid and has a ratio of one maternal to one paternal genome. Based on comparisons among flowering plants, we conclude that the angiosperm female gametophyte is constructed of modular developmental subunits. Each module is characterized by a common developmental pattern: (1) positioning of a single nucleus within a cytoplasmic domain (pole) of the female gametophyte; (2) two free-nuclear mitoses to yield four nuclei within that domain; and (3) partitioning of three uninucleate cells adjacent to the pole such that the fourth nucleus is confined to the central region of the female gametophyte (central cell). Within the basal angiosperm lineages Nymphaeales and Illiciales, female gametophytes are characterized by a single developmental module that produces a four-celled/four-nucleate structure with a haploid uninucleate central cell. A second pattern, typical of Amborella and the overwhelming majority of eumagnoliids, monocots, and eudicots, involves the early establishment of two developmental modules that produce a sevencelled/eight-nucleate female gametophyte with two haploid nuclei in the central cell. Comparative analysis of ontogenetic sequences suggests that the seven-celled female gametophyte (two modules) evolved by duplication and ectopic expression of an ancestral Nuphar-like developmental module within the chalazal domain of the female gametophyte. These analyses indicate that the first angiosperm female gametophytes were composed of a single developmental module, which upon double fertilization yielded a diploid endosperm. Early in angiosperm history this basic module was duplicated, and resulted in a seven-celled/eight-nucleate female gametophyte, which yielded a triploid endosperm with the characteristic 2:1 maternal to paternal genome ratio.

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Section: Modularity Of the Angiosperm Female Gametophyte And The Evolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modularity of the Angiosperm Female Gametophyte and Its Bearing on the Early Evolution of Endosperm in Flowering Plants

Friedman

Williams

2003

Evolution

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“…Therefore, inbreeding depression must exist in at least one of the three parental attributes mentioned above. It is known that endosperm quality may decrease with inbreeding (Brink and Cooper 1947;Brink 1952), and pollen viability has been found to decrease with the parental inbreeding coefficient in Mimulus guttatus (Willis 1993b).…”

Section: Meaning Of Heterosis In Autonomous Seed Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF SELF-FERTILIZATION AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NINE POPULATIONS OFAMSINCKIA(BORAGINACEAE)

Johnston

Schoen

1996

Evolution

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Abstract.-The relation between inbreeding depression and rate of self-fertilization was studied in nine natural populations of the annual genus Amsinckia. The study included two clades (phylogenetic lineages) in which small-flowered, homostylous populations or species are believed to have evolved from large-flowered, heterostylous, self-compatible ones. In one lineage the small-flowered species is tetraploid with disomic inheritance. Rates of self-fertilization were 25% to 55% in the four large-flowered, heterostylous populations; 72% in a large-flowered but homostylous population; and greater than 99.5% in the four small-flowered, homostylous populations, which produce seed autonomously. When present, inbreeding depression occurred in the fertility but not the survival components of fitness. Using a cumulative fitness measure incorporating both survival and fertility (flower number), we found inbreeding depression to be lower in the four very highly self-fertilizing populations than in the five intermediate ones. The Spearman rank correlation between inbreeding depression and selfing rate for the nine populations was -0.50, but was not statistically significant (P = 0.12). Inbreeding depression was greater in the two tetraploid populations than in the very highly self-fertilizing, diploid ones. Phenotypic stability of progeny from self-fertilization tended to be higher in populations with lower inbreeding depression. We conclude that levels of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression in Amsinckia are determined more by other factors than by each other. Estimates of mutation rates and dominance coefficients of deleterious alleles, obtained from a companion study of the four highly self-fertilizing populations, suggest that a strong relationship may not be expected. We discuss the relationship of the present results to current theory of the coevolution of selffertilization and inbreeding depression.

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“…Three general types of endosperm development are recognized (Brink and Cooper, 1947;Vijayraghavan and Prabhakart, 1984;Friedman, 1994): ab initio cellular, in which all mitoses are followed by wall development; nuclear, in which free nuclear divisions result in a syncytium that later becomes cellularized; and helobial, where the first division divides the central cell into separate micropylar and chalazal chambers that develop independently. Cereal grains undergo the nuclear type of development with cell walls forming in the immediate vicinity of the developing embryo region (micropylar) earlier than those in the large chalazal region (Engell, 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From this perspective, the endosperm emerges as a model system for the study of plant development. It is abundant, fast growing, and consists of only two cell types that can be mechanically separated (Jakobsen et al, 1989), and importantly, genetic mutants affecting the development of the endosperm are known (Sheridan and Neuffer, 1980;Felker et al, 1985;Bosnes et al, 1987Bosnes et al, , 1992Kowles et al, 1992).Three general types of endosperm development are recognized (Brink and Cooper, 1947;Vijayraghavan and Prabhakart, 1984;Friedman, 1994): ab initio cellular, in which all mitoses are followed by wall development; nuclear, in which free nuclear divisions result in a syncytium that later becomes cellularized; and helobial, where the first division divides the central cell into separate micropylar and chalazal chambers that develop independently. Cereal grains undergo the nuclear type of development with cell walls forming in the immediate vicinity of the developing embryo region (micropylar) earlier than those in the large chalazal region (Engell, 1989).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Endosperm Development in Barley: Microtubule Involvement in the Morphogenetic Pathway.

1994

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An immunofluorescence study of sectioned barley endosperm imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy provided three-dimensional data on the relationship of microtubules to the cytoplasm, nuclei, and cell walls during development from 4 to 21 days after pollination (DAP). Microtubules play an important role throughout endosperm ontogeny. The syncytium is organized into units of nuclear-cytoplasmic domains by nuclear-based radial microtubule systems that appear to control the pattern of the first anticlinal walls at 5 to 6 DAP. After 7 DAP, phragmoplasts of two origins (interzonal and cytoplasmic) guide wall formation. Large compartments formed by the "free growing" walls in association with cytoplasmic phragmoplasts formed adventitiously at interfaces of opposing microtubule systems are subsequently subdivided by interzonal phragmoplastlcell plates to give rise to the starchy endosperm. During development of the aleurone layer from 8 to 21 DAP, the microtubule cycle is typical of plant histogenesis; cortical microtubules are hooplike, and preprophase bands of microtubules predict the division plane. INTRODUCTIONIn spite of the enormous economic importance of cereal endosperm in agriculture and industry, surprisingly little is known about its development and evolution. The endosperm is an enigma in that (1) it is a product of double fertilization &e., the union of one sperm cell with the egg results in the diploid zygote and the other sperm with one or more nuclei results in the primary endosperm nucleus); (2) unlike the embryo, which follows generally recognized patterns of plant histogenesis, the endosperm is so unlike any other plant tissue that it has been called a monstrosity; and (3) the endosperm has proven extremely difficult to study because in its early stage, it is a delicate liquid coenocyte contained within the innermost chamber of the developing seed.The evolutionary introduction of the endosperm into the life cycle of angiosperms is unknown. Double fertilization occurs in gymnosperms (Friedman, 1992), but the second fertilization results in an additional embryo that competes for resources during development. In angiosperms, the second fertilization results in the primary endosperm nucleus from which develops the nutritive tissue. The endosperm could either be a delayed continuation of female gametophyte development triggered by the second fertilization event and therefore homologous to the nutritive gametophyte in gymnosperms (Thomas, 1907), or the endosperm may be a highly modified supernumerary embryo (Sargant, 1900). Support for the second hypothesis is amassed by Friedman (1994), who argues that the endosperm is a homolog of the embryo, or in other words, an organism in its ownTo whom correspondence should be addressed.right. Recent molecular data demonstrating the expression of the same or homologous genes in the embryo and endosperm (Aalen et al., 1994) lend support to this view. From this perspective, the endosperm emerges as a model system for the study of plant development. It is abundant...

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The endosperm in seed development

Cited by 179 publications

References 132 publications

Modularity of the Angiosperm Female Gametophyte and Its Bearing on the Early Evolution of Endosperm in Flowering Plants

Modularity of the Angiosperm Female Gametophyte and Its Bearing on the Early Evolution of Endosperm in Flowering Plants

CORRELATED EVOLUTION OF SELF-FERTILIZATION AND INBREEDING DEPRESSION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF NINE POPULATIONS OFAMSINCKIA(BORAGINACEAE)

Endosperm Development in Barley: Microtubule Involvement in the Morphogenetic Pathway.

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