The Endocrine System: Metabolic Effects of the Pancreatic, Adrenal, Thyroidal, and Growth Hormones

Riddell, Michael C.; Ruderman, Neil B.; Tsiani, Evangelia; Vranić, Mladen

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7543-9_9

Cited by 7 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…For example, glucocorticoids, TNFalpha, and IL-6 can down-regulate the expression of adiponectin [118,119] and all of these may be elevated during prolonged exercise [120,121]. However, since diet and regular exercise can decrease TNF-alpha levels [82,100,122,123], the insulin-desensitizing effects of TNF-alpha observed with exercise training may involve alterations in adiponectin levels.…”

Section: Alterations In Plasma Adiponectin Levels With Training In Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating adiponectin and adiponectin receptor expression in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise

Riddell

Sweeney

2007

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Excess visceral fat can regulate insulin sensitivity and energy metabolism by releasing adipokines into the circulation which then bind with their cognate receptors in various tissues and alter glucose and lipid metabolism. Circulating levels of adiponectin, which promotes glucose uptake into skeletal muscle and increases fat oxidation rates, are decreased in obesity. Strategies to enhance the insulin-like and insulin-sensitizing actions of adiponectin have been shown to be effective in improving metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity and diabetes. Interestingly, the insulin-sensitizing effects of exercise have similar metabolic effects as adiponectin in that exercise also promotes glucose uptake into muscle and increases rates of fatty acid oxidation. Recent studies have begun to examine the potential role of adiponectin in mediating the insulin-sensitizing action of exercise by investigating changes in plasma adiponectin levels and tissue-specific adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) expression. In this review, we have summarized the key findings to date which suggest that changes in expression of AdipoR isoforms in skeletal muscle, rather than circulating total adiponectin levels, may be of physiological importance.

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Section: Alterations In Plasma Adiponectin Levels With Training In Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating adiponectin and adiponectin receptor expression in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise

Riddell

Sweeney

2007

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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“…This is clinically important because it indicates the importance of more intense exercise in insulin treated patients (for review see Ref. 158).…”

Section: Combat To Unravel the Roles Between Hormones And Metabolitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We hypothesize that at least three events occur independently: 1) prevention of HPA hyperactivity (25), 2) increased glucose utilization (for review see Ref. 158), and 3) decreased inflammation measured in the liver and in blood (103). Normalization of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity and decreased sensitivity to ACTH normalize cortisol in blood.…”

Section: Battle To Establish Beneficial Effects Of Exercise and Some mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most importantly, epidemiologists concluded that exercise can not only improve but prevent type 2 diabetes (83, 137, 178) with proper insulin treatment (as reviewed in Ref. 158). However, the mechanism of such prevention is not fully understood.…”

Section: Battle To Establish Beneficial Effects Of Exercise and Some mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This finding made it possible to better understand the role of glucagon in physiology and diabetes. Work with hormonal interactions allowed us to concentrate on the pathogenesis of diabetes, exercise, stress, and hypoglycemia, which are fields that we reviewed and researched extensively (158,192,206). Some biographical notes pertaining to my life and research have been published (18).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Odyssey between Scylla and Charybdis through storms of carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes: a career retrospective

Vranić

2010

American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Vranic M. Odyssey between Scylla and Charybdis through storms of carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes: a career retrospective. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 299: E849 -E867, 2010. First published September 7, 2010; doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00344.2010.-This research perspective allows me to summarize some of my work completed over 50 years, and it is organized in seven sections. 1) The treatment of diabetes concentrates on the liver and/or the periphery. We quantified hormonal and metabolic interactions involved in physiology and the pathogenesis of diabetes by developing tracer methods to separate the effects of diabetes on both. We collaborated in the first tracer clinical studies on insulin resistance, hypertriglyceridemia, and the Cori cycle.2) Diabetes reflects insulin deficiency and glucagon abundance. Extrapancreatic glucagon changed the prevailing dogma and permitted precise exploration of the roles of insulin and glucagon in physiology and diabetes. 3) We established the critical role of glucagon-insulin interaction and the control of glucose metabolism during moderate exercise and of catecholamines during strenuous exercise. Deficiencies of the release and effects of these hormones were quantified in diabetes. We also revealed how acute and chronic hyperglycemia affects the expression of GLUT2 gene and protein in diabetes. 4) We outlined molecular and physiological mechanisms whereby exercise training and repetitive neurogenic stress can prevent diabetes in ZDF rats. 5) We and others established that the indirect effect of insulin plays an important role in the regulation of glucose production in dogs. We confirmed this effect in humans and demonstrated that in type 2 diabetes it is mainly the indirect effect. 6) We indicated that the muscle and the liver protected against glucose changes. 7) We described molecular mechanisms responsible for increased HPA axis in diabetes and for the diminished responses of HPA axis, catecholamines, and glucagon to hypoglycemia. We proposed a new approach to decrease the threat of hypoglycemia. exercise; stress; diabetes pathogenesis; hypoglycemia SCYLLA AND CHARYBDIS are two sea monsters in Greek mythology described by Homer. They were located close enough to each other that they posed an inescapable threat to passing sailors, including Odysseus. Avoiding Charybdis meant passing too close to Scylla and vice versa. Substitute Scylla for granting agencies and Charybdis for high-impact journals. There is a feedback relationship between problems with granting agencies and the acceptance of papers in important journals. The storms (originality) require the strength of Odysseus to sail safely toward acceptance of a new and original hypothesis.I am very indebted to Amira Klip (the first non-U.S. editor of the American Journal of Physiology -Endocrinology and Metabolism), who invited me to write a review related to my research endeavors over the past half-century. Since this is a personal history rather than a general review, I have focused primarily on my laboratory work as well ...

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Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Blood Glucose, Serum Corticosterone Levels and Glucocorticoid Receptor Immunoreactivity in the Hippocampus in Chronic Diabetic Rats

Hwang

Yoo

et al. 2010

Neurochem Res

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Abnormal excess of glucocorticoid is one of feature characteristics in type 2 diabetes. In the present study, we investigated the effect of treadmill exercise at chronic diabetic stages on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus, which are very vulnerable to diabetes. For this study, we used Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and Zucker lean control (ZLC) rats. Twenty-three-week-old ZLC and ZDF rats were put on the treadmill with or without running for 7 weeks and sacrificed at 30 weeks of age. Treadmill exercise significantly decreased diabetes-induced blood glucose and serum corticosteroid levels although they did not drop to control levels. In sedentary ZLC rats, GR immunoreactivity was detected in pyramidal cells of the CA1 region as well as in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. In the sedentary ZDF rats, GR immunoreactivity was significantly increased in these regions. However, treadmill exercise significantly decreased GR immunoreactivity in these regions. These results indicate that treadmill exercise in chronic diabetic rats significantly decreased GR immunoreactivity in the hippocampal CA1 region and dentate gyrus, although blood glucose and serum corticosteroid levels did not fully recover to normal state.

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The Endocrine System: Metabolic Effects of the Pancreatic, Adrenal, Thyroidal, and Growth Hormones

Cited by 7 publications

References 199 publications

Circulating adiponectin and adiponectin receptor expression in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise

Circulating adiponectin and adiponectin receptor expression in skeletal muscle: effects of exercise

Odyssey between Scylla and Charybdis through storms of carbohydrate metabolism and diabetes: a career retrospective

Effect of Treadmill Exercise on Blood Glucose, Serum Corticosterone Levels and Glucocorticoid Receptor Immunoreactivity in the Hippocampus in Chronic Diabetic Rats

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