The end‐Permian mass extinction: A rapid volcanic CO2 and CH4‐climatic catastrophe

Brand, Uwe; Posenato, Renato; Came, Rosemarie E; Affek, Hagit P.; Angiolini, Lucia; Azmy, Karem; Farabegoli, Enzo

doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2012.06.015

Cited by 107 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…Many have proposed that the end-Permian extinction was triggered by the eruption/intrusion of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province, which is hypothesized to have been of short (∼1-2 Ma) duration, to have occurred at approximately the same time as the extinction, and to have generated the large volume of volatiles via degassing of lavas and sediments required to drive such dramatic atmospheric and biotic response (2, 8,[42][43][44][45][46]. The end-Permian extinction event occurred suddenly and rapidly (61 ± 48 ka) in an interval much shorter than current estimates for the total duration of Siberian Traps magmatism, suggesting that, similar to the end-Triassic extinction event, a single pulse of magmatism may be the most critical for triggering dramatic environmental change (43,47,48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Attempts to reconcile the patterns and rates of extinction in marine and terrestrial environments has led to some agreement on the nature of severe environmental changes, including increased atmospheric pCO 2 and acidification of the oceans, as well as widespread euxinic/anoxic conditions and a sharp spike in sea surface temperature (4,(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), and inferentially, kill mechanism(s).…”

Section: ± 028 Ma (54)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To better understand the relationship between environmental perturbation and biotic response, accurate and precise age models that integrate geochronology, paleontology, and geochemistry must be developed (8,11,16,17). Recognition of astronomically forced sedimentary cycles (Milankovitch cycles) in late Permian and Triassic sedimentary rocks tuned with available geochronology have been used to refine existing age models of the biotic crisis (18)(19)(20).…”

Section: ± 028 Ma (54)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction

Burgess

Bowring

Shen

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

585

478

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Significance Mass extinctions are major drivers of macroevolutionary change and mark fundamental transitions in the history of life, yet the feedbacks between environmental perturbation and biological response, which occur on submillennial timescales, are poorly understood. We present a high-precision age model for the end-Permian mass extinction, which was the most severe loss of marine and terrestrial biota in the last 542 My, that allows exploration of the sequence of events at millennial to decamillenial timescales 252 Mya. This record is critical for a better understanding of the punctuated nature and duration of the extinction, the reorganization of the carbon cycle, and a refined evaluation of potential trigger and kill mechanisms.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ± 028 Ma (54)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ± 028 Ma (54)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

High-precision timeline for Earth’s most severe extinction

Burgess

Bowring

Shen

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

585

478

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“…Subaerial exposure and projected trajectories of bulk-carbonate stabilization under the influence of meteoric fluids and high water-rock ratios might be invoked to explain this disparity (Heydari et al, 2001;Li and Jones, 2017). Other studies have pointed to stratigraphic variations in predominant mineral rock composition as a source of δ 13 C carb modulations, citing the mineral-specific isotope offset between aragonite, dolomite and low-Mg calcite (Brand et al, 2012b;Heydari et al, 2013;Schobben et al, 2016;Li and Jones, 2017).…”

Section: Stochastic Carbon Isotope Signatures Of the Permian-triassicmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solid phases entering the model at the top of the sediment stack are set at 730 µmol cm −2 yr −1 for both the OC flux (F OC ) and the carbonate flux (F carb ) in the baseline model, which are typical average shelf sedimentation values (Müller and Suess, 1979;Reimers and Suess, 1983;Sarmiento and Gruber, 2004). For the baseline condition, sedimentation rates (v and w) are fixed at 0.2 cm yr −1 and the δ 13 C composition is set at +5 ‰ (VPDB) based on primary carbon isotope values from pristine preserved brachiopod calcite from the Ali Bashi and Meishan sections, as well as sites in northern Italy Brand et al, 2012b;Schobben et al, 2014). For the bio-mixing and bio-irrigation parameters, the values for the Palaeozoic proposed by Dale et al (2016) were chosen: D b0 = 5 cm 2 yr −1 , z b = 2 cm, α 0 = 50 yr −1 , x irr = 1 cm.…”

Section: Numerical Solutions and Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Latest Permian carbonate carbon isotope variability traces heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation and authigenic carbonate formation

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Bulk-carbonate carbon isotope ratios are a widely applied proxy for investigating the ancient biogeochemical carbon cycle. Temporal carbon isotope trends serve as a prime stratigraphic tool, with the inherent assumption that bulk micritic carbonate rock is a faithful geochemical recorder of the isotopic composition of seawater dissolved inorganic carbon. However, bulk-carbonate rock is also prone to incorporate diagenetic signals. The aim of the present study is to disentangle primary trends from diagenetic signals in carbon isotope records which traverse the Permian-Triassic boundary in the marine carbonate-bearing sequences of Iran and South China. By pooling newly produced and published carbon isotope data, we confirm that a global first-order trend towards depleted values exists. However, a large amount of scatter is superimposed on this geochemical record. In addition, we observe a temporal trend in the amplitude of this residual δ 13 C variability, which is reproducible for the two studied regions. We suggest that (sub-)sea-floor microbial communities and their control on calcite nucleation and ambient porewater dissolved inorganic carbon δ 13 C pose a viable mechanism to induce bulk-rock δ 13 C variability. Numerical model calculations highlight that early diagenetic carbonate rock stabilization and linked carbon isotope alteration can be controlled by organic matter supply and subsequent microbial remineralization. A major biotic decline among Late Permian bottom-dwelling organisms facilitated a spatial increase in heterogeneous organic carbon accumulation. Combined with low marine sulfate, this resulted in varying degrees of carbon isotope overprinting. A simulated time series suggests that a 50 % increase in the spatial scatter of organic carbon relative to the average, in addition to an imposed increase in the likelihood of sampling cements formed by microbial calcite nucleation to 1 out of 10 samples, is sufficient to induce the observed signal of carbon isotope variability. These findings put constraints on the application of Permian-Triassic carbon isotope chemostratigraphy based on whole-rock samples, which appears less refined than classical biozonation dating schemes. On the other hand, this signal of increased carbon isotope variability concurrent with the largest mass extinction of the Phanerozoic may proPublished by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union.

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