The end of the message: 3'– end processing leading to polyadenylated messenger RNA

Wahle, Elmar

doi:10.1002/bies.950140208

Cited by 39 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This will permit stringent control of reaction conditions, concentrations of enzymes and substrates, and their order of addition. Only this, in turn, will permit the contributions of individual components and their interactions to be studied (71). To this end, we have purified, characterized, and molecularly cloned an ARE RNA-binding protein, AUFI, whose binding specificity suggests its involvement in ARE-directed mRNA degradation in cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1.

Zhang¹,

Wagner²,

Ehrenman³

et al. 1993

Mol. Cell. Biol.

506

483

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The degradation of some proto-oncogene and lymphokine mRNAs is controlled in part by an AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3' untranslated region. It was shown previously (G. Brewer, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:2460-2466) that two polypeptides (37 and 40 kDa) copurified with fractions of a 130,000 x g postribosomal supernatant (S130) from K562 cells that selectively accelerated degradation of c-myc mRNA in a cell-free decay system. These polypeptides bound specifically to the c-myc and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor 3' UTRs, suggesting they are in part responsible for selective mRNA degradation. In the present work, we have purified the RNA-binding component of this mRNA degradation activity, which we refer to as AUFl. Using antisera specific for these polypeptides, we demonstrate that the 37-and 40-kDa polypeptides are immunologically cross-reactive and that both polypeptides are phosphorylated and can be found in a complex(s) with other polypeptides. Immunologically related polypeptides are found in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The antibodies were also used to clone a cDNA for the 37-kDa polypeptide. This cDNA contains an open reading frame predicted to produce a protein with several features, including two RNA recognition motifs and domains that potentially mediate protein-protein interactions. These results provide further support for a role of this protein in mediating ARE-directed mRNA degradation.The c-myc gene is important for the control of cellular growth, differentiation, and transformation (reviewed in references 17 and 41). It belongs to the class of immediateearly genes whose expression is required to drive cells from Go to G1 following stimulation of quiescent cells by growth factors. However, the c-myc gene is not unique in terms of having an essential role in cellular growth processes. It has been known for decades that specific and timely changes in the expression of multiple genes are required for proper embryonic development and cell maturation (20). Expression of genes such as c-myc seems to be regulated not only at the levels of transcription, attenuation, nuclear processing, and translation but also at the level of mRNA turnover (reviewed in reference 41). Indeed, direct half-life measurements indicated that c-myc mRNA has a half-life of 15 to 40 min (19). These and other studies (41) demonstrated that the control of c-myc mRNA turnover might be an important means of regulating both the level and the timing of c-myc expression.Many proto-oncogene mRNAs are very unstable. The rapid turnover of c-myc mRNA is controlled by sequences in the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) or by coding region sequences (reviewed in references 33 and 60). A common feature of many labile mRNAs, such as those for c-myc, c-fos, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is the presence of an AU-rich element (ARE) in the 3'UTR which is one cis-acting element responsible for their rapid degradation (reviewed in reference 3, 48, and 60). It AUUUA (70). This might be important because...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1.

Zhang¹,

Wagner²,

Ehrenman³

et al. 1993

Mol. Cell. Biol.

506

483

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“…The S. dimidiatum I‐ Ppo I type endonuclease has no polyadenylation signal site (AAUAAA) at the 3′ end [32] and no product was visualized after RT‐PCR (primers 204L2/204R2; data not shown). We concluded that the I‐PpoI endonuclease type gene is not expressed in S. dimidiatum , contrary to Naegleria sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The insertion of endonuclease ORFs into peripheral loops maintains the ability of the intron to splice from the host gene, and preserves a functional 18S gene. His‐Cys homing endonucleases have been described in the rDNA group I introns [41] of the myxomycetes P. polycephalum [32] and Didymium iridis [35], the amoeboflagellate genus Naegleria [44], the ascomycete Beauveria bassiana [45], Nectria galligena [46], the zygomycete Coemansia mojavensis [47] and an ericoid fungal isolate PSIV [14]. Sequencing of the RT‐PCR product revealed in vivo co‐splicing of the IC1 intron containing the endonuclease gene without splicing intermediates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymorphisms and intronic structures in the 18S subunit ribosomal RNA gene of the fungiScytalidium dimidiatumandScytalidium hyalinum

Machouart

Lacroix

Bui

et al. 2004

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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The fungi Scytalidium dimidiatum (Nattrassia mangiferae synanamorph) and Scytalidium hyalinum are mainly encountered in (sub)tropical areas as plant pathogens and agents of human dermatomycosis. Because the classification and differentiation of these two species is unclear, we studied 22 S. dimidiatum and 15 S. hyalinum isolates in order to identify potential species-specific insertions and polymorphisms in the 18S subunit ribosomal gene. The presence of an IE intron in S. dimidiatum, together with a single polymorphism (A in S. dimidiatum, G in S. hyalinum) in the coding region, allowed us to differentiate these two species in most cases. Moreover, in one S. dimidiatum isolate we found a group IC1 intron containing a putative truncated His-Cys endonuclease gene. This enzyme shows strong similarity to the intronic homing endonuclease of Physarum polycephalum. Based on these results and our previous findings, we propose an evolutionary pathway for 18S rDNA S. dimidiatum insertions, implying independent events.

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“…1). The conserved sequence (TTTTTT), which is one of several possible downstream signals required for efficient eukaryotic mRNA polyadenylation (20), was located in the 3Ј-NFR of the Ctpct gene, 50 bp downstream of the 3Ј-terminus of exon 9 (Fig. 4C).…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Structure of the Gene for Murine CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase, Ctpct

Tang

Keesler²,

Tabas

1997

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the most abundant eukaryotic phospholipid and serves critical structural and cell-signaling functions. CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the CDPcholine pathway of PC biosynthesis, which is utilized by all tissues and is the sole or major PC biosynthetic pathway in all non-hepatic cells. Herein, we present the complete structure of the murine CT (Ctpct) gene. One P1 genomic clone and six subsequent plasmid subclones were isolated and analyzed for the exon-intron organization of the Ctpct gene. The gene spans approximately 26 kilobases and is composed of 9 exons and 8 introns. The exons match the distinct functional domains of the CT enzyme: exon 1 is untranslated; exon 2 codes for the nuclear localization signal domain; exons 4 -7 encompass the catalytic domain; exon 8 codes for the ␣-helical membrane-binding domain; and exon 9 includes the Cterminal phosphorylation domain. Two transcriptional initiation sites, spaced 35 nucleotides apart, were identified using 5-rapid amplification of cDNA ends polymerase chain reaction. The 5 natural flanking region was found to lack TATA or CAAT boxes and to contain GCrich regions, which are features typical of promoters of housekeeping genes. Several sites that have the potential to interact with transcription regulatory factors, such as Sp1, AP1, AP2, AP3, Y1, and TFIIIA, were identified in the 5-region of the gene and found to be distributed in two distinct clusters. These data will provide the basis for future studies on the cis-and trans-acting factors involved in Ctpct gene transcription and for the creation of induced mutant mouse models of altered CT activity.

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The end of the message: 3'– end processing leading to polyadenylated messenger RNA

Cited by 39 publications

References 54 publications

Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1.

Purification, characterization, and cDNA cloning of an AU-rich element RNA-binding protein, AUF1.

Polymorphisms and intronic structures in the 18S subunit ribosomal RNA gene of the fungiScytalidium dimidiatumandScytalidium hyalinum

The Structure of the Gene for Murine CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase, Ctpct

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