The emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from natural soil temperature gradients in a volcanic area in southwest Iceland

Maljanen, Marja; Yli-Moijala, Heli; Biasi, Christina; Leblans, Niki I. W.; Boeck, Hans J. De; Bjarnadóttir, Brynhildur; Sigurðsson, Bjarni D.

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.01.021

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In reaction to stressing factors, for instance, a natural or even artificial creation of anaerobic soil conditions due to flooding events, biosynthetic processes like production and consumption of CH 4 and N 2 O and their respective transportation may become modified and, thus, may lead to a change of the potential trace gas emissions [29][30][31] . Importantly, plant species react differently, depending on their anatomical and physiological predisposition/adaptation to stresses, soil characteristics 32 , seasonal effects, temperature 33 , and intensity of the stressing event in general 26 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term flooding increases CH4 and N2O emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum

Schindler

Mander

Macháčová

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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One of the characteristics of global climate change is the increase in extreme climate events, e.g., droughts and floods. Forest adaptation strategies to extreme climate events are the key to predict ecosystem responses to global change. Severe floods alter the hydrological regime of an ecosystem which influences biochemical processes that control greenhouse gas fluxes. We conducted a flooding experiment in a mature grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) forest to understand flux dynamics in the soil-tree-atmosphere continuum related to ecosystem N 2 O and CH 4 turn-over. The gas exchange was determined at adjacent soil-tree-pairs: stem fluxes were measured in vertical profiles using manual static chambers and gas chromatography; soil fluxes were measured with automated chambers connected to a gas analyser. The tree stems and soil surface were net sources of N 2 O and CH 4 during the flooding. Contrary to N 2 O, the increase in CH 4 fluxes delayed in response to flooding. Stem N 2 O fluxes were lower although stem CH 4 emissions were significantly higher than from soil after the flooding. Stem fluxes decreased with stem height. Our flooding experiment indicated soil water and nitrogen content as the main controlling factors of stem and soil N 2 O fluxes. The stems contributed up to 88% of CH 4 emissions to the stem-soil continuum during the investigated period but soil N 2 O fluxes dominated (up to 16 times the stem fluxes) during all periods. Conclusively, stem fluxes of CH 4 and N 2 O are essential elements in forest carbon and nitrogen cycles and must be included in relevant models.Greenhouse gases (GHG), in particular, methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) contribute 16% and 6% to global warming, respectively 1 . In addition, N 2 O is a dangerous stratospheric O 3 layer depleting agent 2 . Due to the increasing emissions, both gases have high radiative forcing potential. In principle, terrestrial biosphere may be seen as a net source of GHG to the atmosphere 3 . Temperate as well as tropical forest soils (in general) seem to be a central natural emitting source of N 2 O, on the one hand, a natural sink of CH 4 on the other 4-9 . Flux estimations of N 2 O and CH 4 in forest systems are mainly based on studies of forest soil measurements, usually excluding exchange potential of vegetation 5,7,10 . Nevertheless, investigations on GHG fluxes from plants in wetland or riparian ecosystems show that plants, especially trees, can be essential sources of CH 4 and N 2 O 9,11-13 . However, recent studies uncover the relevance of tree stem surfaces playing an important role in understanding GHG dynamics in different forest ecosystems 8,9,14 .Grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench)) is a fast-growing, pioneer tree species with excellent potential for short-rotation forestry in the Northern hemisphere [15][16][17][18] . Due to the symbiotic Frankia bacteria which fix atmospheric nitrogen, alder forests are important nitrogen sequestering ecosystems 19,20 . Decomposition of nutrient-rich alder litter improves soil properti...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Short-term flooding increases CH4 and N2O emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum

Schindler

Mander

Macháčová

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…We hypothesize that volcanic soils can also produce HONO and NO and the exposure to high soil temperatures might have an effect on their emission rates. We also hypothesize that, similar to the trace gas emissions for CH 4 and N 2 O as published by Maljanen et al (2017), CO 2 emissions are temperature sensitive, but that soil microbes have adapted to the exposure to elevated temperatures (Poeplau et al 2017). Those adaptations will be reflected in the CO 2 , N 2 O, and CH 4 production rates in laboratory incubations at room temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 63%

“…In addition to biological formation of the greenhouse gases, the role of geothermal outgassing of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O through the soil, especially in the warmest plots, is discussed. Maljanen et al (2017), Gargallo-Garriga et al (2017) and Leblans et al (2017 where grasses were covering 20% of the surface after some tree mortality had opened up the stand, and on FN+20 (100% moss cover), where all Sitka spruce trees had been killed due to high soil temperatures (O'Gorman et al 2014, Sigurdsson et al 2016. Samples were collected from two depths, 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, by cutting a square hole (10 x 10 cm) with a knife.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of geothermal soil warming on the production of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) from forest soil in southern Iceland

Maljanen¹,

Bhattarai²,

Biasi³

et al. 2018

IAS

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Geothermal areas can be local sources of greenhouse gases, both directly from the geothermal system or because of soil warming effects on biological sources. In this study we repeated field measurements methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) fluxes along the soil temperature (T s ) gradient in a Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) stand at the ForHot study site in southern Iceland, where geothermal soil warming had started eight years earlier.We complemented these results with in situ measurements of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and topsoil sampled in the same plots to study the production rates of those gases at 20 °C in the laboratory, as well as nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO). We showed that the eight year long exposure to elevated T s had changed the topsoil, including its microbial properties and the production potentials of these gases. However, the production rates of CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2 O measured in laboratory conditions did not clearly follow the in situ fluxes. We discuss both adaptation of microbes and origin of greenhouse gases (depth patterns and microbial vs. geothermal sources) as possible reasons for these discrepancies.Keywords: geothermal soil warming; Picea sitchensis; temperature sensitivity; volcanic soil YFIRLIT Áhrif haekkaðs jarðvegshita á myndun koldíoxíðs (CO 2 ), metans (CH 4 ), hláturgass (N 2 O), nituroxíðs (NO) og nitraðrar sýru (HONO) í skógarjarðvegi á Suðurlandi.Jarðhitasvaeði geta verið uppsprettur ýmissa gróðurhúsalofttegunda, annað hvort beint upp úr jarðhitakerfinu eða vegna áhrifa aukins jarðvegshita á ýmsa lífraena ferla. Í þessari rannsókn endurtókum við maelingar á flaeði metans (CH 4 ) og hláturgass (N 2 O) með auknum jarðvegshita (T s ) í foldu í sitkagreniskógi (Picea sitchensis) á ForHot rannsóknasvaeðinu á Suðurlandi, þar sem jarðhitasvaeði hafði faerst undir átta árum áður. Við baettum einnig við maelingum á losun koldíoxíðs (CO 2 ) í foldu og bárum -niðurstöðurnar saman við losun þessara sömu gastegunda og nituroxíðs (NO) og nitraðrar sýru (HONO) úr jarðvegskjörnum úr sömu reitum sem maeldir voru við 20 °C á rannsóknastofu. Niðurstöðurnar sýndu að átta ára jarðvegshlýnun hafði baeði breytt efnasamsetningu og örveruflóru reitanna og þar með getu til að framleiða áðurnefndar lofttegundir. Hinsvegar breyttist framleiðslugeta CO 2 , CH 4 og N 2 O við 20 °C ekki reglulega með auknum T s í foldu. Við raeðum baeði aðlögun örvera að auknum hita og hvernig uppruni gróðurhúsalofttegunda (úr mismunandi dýpi í jarðvegi og hvort hann er líffraeðilegur eða jarðfraeðilegur) getur mögulega útskýrt þaer niðurstöður sem við fengum.

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“…The CO2 effluxes were measured using the opaque static chamber method (Maljanen et al, 2017). The measurements were made along the temperature gradient in June 2014 and were repeated in July 2016.…”

Section: Co2 Efflux Measurements With Chambersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…temperatures (Ts) (see Table 1). The plots were named according the warming levels measured in 2012 with site code FN and 85 temperature elevation as +X °C, as described in earlier study by Maljanen et al (2017). The number (+X) indicates soil warming at depth of 10 cm.…”

Section: Co2 Efflux Measurements With Chambersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abiotic CO2 sources confound interpretation of temperature responses of in situ respiration in geothermally warmed forest soils of Iceland

Maljanen

Yli-Moijala

Sigurðsson

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Abstract. Carbon dioxide (CO2) efflux and δ13C in CO2 were measured along a natural geothermal soil temperature (Ts) gradient in upland Sitka spruce forest soil in a volcanic area in Iceland in July 2014 and 2016. The gradient that reaches from ambient soil temperature up to 40&thinsp;&deg;C warming at 10&thinsp;cm depth was originally formed in May 2008, following a major earthquake. The CO2 efflux from the forest floor was measured using the static chamber method. In addition, subsurface soil CO2 concentrations and δ13C values of CO2 were studied. In summer 2014, soil surface CO2 efflux increased steadily with increasing soil temperature across a temperature gradient of 40&thinsp;&deg;C (from 260 to 3900&thinsp;mg&thinsp;m&minus;2&thinsp;h&minus;1). In 2016 the trend had changed; the maximum CO2 efflux (2100&thinsp;mg&thinsp;m&minus;2&thinsp;h&minus;1) was measured at 20&thinsp;&deg;C Ts warming and a similar nonlinear trend was observed in soil CO2 concentrations in 2016. The 13C isotope analysis of CO2 suggested that a proportion of the CO2 emitted from the warmer plots was geothermally derived. The plot with the highest geothermal source was different in 2014 and 2016, which explained the shift in the temperature dependence of the total CO2 efflux. Our study showed that a significant amount of CO2 emitted from the higher warming levels of geothermal temperature gradients can have non-biotic origin and this has to be taken into account when measuring respiration fluxes on such volcanic sites.

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The emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from natural soil temperature gradients in a volcanic area in southwest Iceland

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Short-term flooding increases CH4 and N2O emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum

Short-term flooding increases CH4 and N2O emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum

The effect of geothermal soil warming on the production of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) from forest soil in southern Iceland

Abiotic CO<sub>2</sub> sources confound interpretation of temperature responses of in situ respiration in geothermally warmed forest soils of Iceland

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The emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from natural soil temperature gradients in a volcanic area in southwest Iceland

Cited by 11 publications

References 30 publications

Short-term flooding increases CH4 and N2O emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum

Short-term flooding increases CH4 and N2O emissions from trees in a riparian forest soil-stem continuum

The effect of geothermal soil warming on the production of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous acid (HONO) from forest soil in southern Iceland

Abiotic CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sources confound interpretation of temperature responses of in situ respiration in geothermally warmed forest soils of Iceland

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Abiotic CO<sub>2</sub> sources confound interpretation of temperature responses of in situ respiration in geothermally warmed forest soils of Iceland