The emerging sub-genotype C2 of CoxsackievirusA10 Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease extensively circulating in mainland of China

Ji, Tianjiao; Guo, Yue; Huang, Wei E.; Shi, Yong; Xu, Yi; Tong, Wenbin; Yao, Wenqing; Tan, Zhaolin; Zeng, Hanri; Ma, Jiangtao; Zhao, Hua; Han, Taoli; Zhang, Yong; Yan, Dongmei; Yang, Qian; Zhu, Shuangli; Yan, Zhang

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-31616-x

Cited by 27 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…After discarding erroneously annotated sequences that share less than 60% identity with reference sequences, and short sequences that overlap less than 270 nt with the partial VP1 fragment, a total of 12,080 sequences were obtained. The sequences of each enterovirus were aligned with reference sequences described in previous studies (He et al 2013;Zhang et al 2015;Song et al 2017;Ji et al 2018). The sequence alignments were adjusted manually if needed, and subjected to the construction of maximum likelihood (ML) trees.…”

Section: Sequence Data Of Enteroviruses Eva71 Cva16 Cva6 and Cva10 mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The removal of redundant sequences was performed using Python scripts. The ML trees were constructed using MEGA7.0 with 1000 bootstrap replications, and each enterovirus was genotyped according to previous studies (He et al 2013;Zhang et al 2015;Song et al 2017;Ji et al 2018). Enterovirus lineage was defined as forming a monophyletic clade in the ML tree and including over 2% of all sequences.…”

Section: Sequence Data Of Enteroviruses Eva71 Cva16 Cva6 and Cva10 mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the past decade, a large number of molecular epidemiological investigations of HFMD were conducted on EVA71 and CVA16 (Li et al 2005;Mao et al 2010;De et al 2011;. Recent molecular epidemiological data reported an increasing prevalence of CVA6 and CVA10 (Xu et al 2015;Zhang et al 2015;Song et al 2017;Ji et al 2018;Li J et al 2018). In particular, CVA6 cases appeared to have exceeded EVA71 cases in some regions in 2013 and 2015 (Lu et al 2012;He et al 2013;Bian et al 2015;Xu et al 2015;Song et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

Wan

et al. 2019

Virol. Sin.

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Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a major public health concern in China. The most predominant enteroviruses that cause HFMD have traditionally been attributed to enterovirus A71 (EVA71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16). Since its first large outbreak in 2008, the dominant HFMD pathogens are constantly changing. In 2013 and 2015, CVA6 exceeded both EVA71 and CVA16 to become the leading cause of HFMD in some provinces. However, there still lacks a comprehensive overview on the molecular epidemiology and evolution of HFMD-related enteroviruses at the national level. In this study, we performed systematic epidemiological analyses of HFMD-related enteroviruses using the data of 64 published papers that met the inclusion criteria, and conducted phylogenetic analyses based on 12,080 partial VP1 sequences identified in China before 31st June 2018. We found that EVA71 prevalence has decreased sharply but other enteroviruses have increased rapidly from 2008 to 2016 and that one subtype of each enterovirus is represented during the epidemic. In addition, four genotypes EVA71_C4, CVA16_B1, CVA6_D and CVA10_C are the most predominant enterovirus strains and collectively they cause over 90% of all HFMD cases in China according to the phylogenetic trees using representative partial VP1 sequences. These four major enterovirus genotypes have different geographical distributions, and they may cocirculate with other genotypes and serotypes. These results suggest that more molecular epidemiological studies should be performed on several enteroviruses simultaneously, and such information should have implications for virological surveillance, disease management, vaccine development and policy-making on the prevention and control of HFMD.

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Section: Sequence Data Of Enteroviruses Eva71 Cva16 Cva6 and Cva10 mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sequence Data Of Enteroviruses Eva71 Cva16 Cva6 and Cva10 mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

Wan

et al. 2019

Virol. Sin.

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“…Proper subtyping/grouping of enteroviruses is crucial and useful for tracking the HFMD epidemic (2,8). However, current classi cation and nomenclature of enteroviruses are confusing and incoherent, and lack proper and uniform criteria (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). In this study, we reclassi ed four dominant HFMD-related enteroviruses EVA71, CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10 on the basis of a combined criteria of phylogenic relationship and genetic distance, and proposed a classi cation of 7 subtypes A-G for EVA71, 3 subtypes/sub-subtypes A-C for CVA16 and CVA6, and 9 subtypes/sub-subtypes A-G, H1 and H2 for CVA10.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the molecular epidemiology of HFMD-related enteroviruses are changing during the past decade, with a progressive increase of CVA6, CVA10 and other enterovirus types (8). Because of extraordinary degree of genetic diversity of circulating strains worldwide, dominant enterovirus types were often further divided into subtypes simply based on their phylogenetic relationships in partial VP1 fragment (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Because of lack of distance-based criterion, current subtypes of enteroviruses appeared to be inconsistent and contradictory among researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Proposal for the Classification and Nomenclature of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses

Dong¹,

Wan²,

Li³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Enterovirus has diverged into many types, some of which cause hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. The predominant enterovirus types associated with HFMD are EVA71, CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10. Subtyping of these enteroviruses is crucial to HFMD surveillance. Because of lacking proper and uniform criteria and being based on partial VP1 sequences, however, current classification resulted in some confusing and conflicting results. Method: We reclassified EVA71, CVA16, CVA6 and CVA10 using a combined criteria of phylogenic relationship and genetic distance. Results: Using the combined criteria, we classified EVA71 into seven genotypes of A–G, CVA16 and CVA6 into three subtypes of A-C, and CVA10 into nine subtypes/sub-subtypes of A-G, H1 and H2, and identified eight unclassified subtypes that lack genomic sequences. The mean genetic divergence was 15.5-33.8% between subtypes, 12-15% between sub-subtypes, and less than 12% within subtypes/sub-subtypes. In addition, we identified two new EVA71 inter-subtype recombinants RF01_CG and RF02_CG and demonstrated that EVA71 subtypes D and F and CVA10 subtype B experienced inter-subtype recombination events during early evolution. Conclusions: The new nomenclature proposal provides a reasonable framework for proper classification of enteroviruses, which will be useful for epidemiological surveillance of HFMD, disease management, and vaccine development.

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Characterization of coxsackievirus A10 strains isolated from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease

Zhang

Liu

et al. 2021

Journal of Medical Virology

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Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a contagious disease that threatens the health of children under 5 years of age. Coxsackievirus A10 (CV-A10) is one of the main pathogens of HFMD. Currently, preventive vaccines and specific therapeutic drugs are not available for CV-A10. In this study, a total of 327 stool specimens were collected from pediatric patients from 2009 to 2017 during HFMD surveillance, among which 14 CV-A10 strains could only be isolated from rhabdomyosarcoma cells, but not from KMB17 and Vero cells. Through adaptive culture, 2 and 11 CV-A10 strains were recovered from Vero and KMB17 cell cultures, respectively. The growth of CV-A10 strains in Vero cells was better than that in KMB17 cells. The 14 CV-A10 strains belonged to the F genotype, and the nucleotides and amino acids of their complete genomes shared 92.6%-96.3% and 98.4%-98.9% identities, respectively. The different CV-A10 strains exhibited varying virulence in vivo, but had similar effects on tissue injury, with the hind limb muscles, kidneys, and lungs being severely affected. Additionally, the hind limb muscles had the highest viral loads. CV-A10 was found to exhibit a strong tropism to muscle tissue. The results of this study are critical to developing vaccines against CV-A10 infections.

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The emerging sub-genotype C2 of CoxsackievirusA10 Associated with Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease extensively circulating in mainland of China

Cited by 27 publications

References 44 publications

National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

National Epidemiology and Evolutionary History of Four Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses in China from 2008 to 2016

A Proposal for the Classification and Nomenclature of Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease-Related Enteroviruses

Characterization of coxsackievirus A10 strains isolated from children with hand, foot, and mouth disease

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