The emerging roles of exosomal long non‐coding RNAs in bladder cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common malignant tumours of the genitourinary system, accounting for the 9th most common malignant tumour in the world. 1,2 According to pathological classification, 90% of patients with BC have urothelial cancer. About one-third of these patients are first diagnosed with muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). 3,4 In some patients, even if the first diagnosis is non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), 10%-30% of patients progress to MIBC. 4,5 BC has become a disease that seriously affects human health. 6,7 At present, its early diagnosis and treatment have made great progress, 8,9 but its specific mechanism of occurrence and development is still unclear.In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have become a research hotspot. NcRNAs can be divided into housekeeping ncRNAs and regulatory ncRNAs. Among them, regulatory ncRNAs can be mainly divided into microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (ln-cRNA) and circular RNA (circRNA). [10][11][12][13] LncRNA is a general term for single-stranded nucleotide sequences exceeding 200 bp. 14 Although it does not have the function of encoding proteins, it can participate in gene regulation at the epigenetic level, transcription level and post-transcriptional level, 15-17 affect tumour occurrence, development, metastasis and malignant progression of drug resistance. [18][19][20][21][22][23] Based on the current research on the mechanism of lncRNA, the competitive endogenous 'ceRNA' mechanism is the most common type and a widely recognized regulatory mechanism, that is, some

Exosome-Based Smart Drug Delivery for Cancer Treatment

“…Exosomal long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important components of the tumor microenvironment [78,79]. They have been reported to modify a variety of characteristics of the tumor microenvironment in the setting of cancer, including immune evasion, tumor development, angiogenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance [80].…”

Exosomes in Genitourinary Cancers: Emerging Mediators of Drug Resistance and Promising Biomarkers

“…To date, it has reported that non-coding RNAs loaded in exosomes include miRNA, lncRNA, circRNA, piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and tRNA-derived small noncoding RNA (tsRNA) 40 . The selective packaging of noncoding RNAs by exosomes rather than a simple copy of the cytoplasmic content, coupled with the highly stable structure of exosomes that protects the internal non-coding RNA from degradation, allows the exosomal noncoding RNAs to perform a critical biological function in tumor drug resistance 7 , 41 , 42 .…”

“…Exosomal miRNA-148b-3p could inhibit the expression of PTEN, thereby activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, resulting in chemoresistance and metastasis 106 . In addition to the above pathway, studies have reported that exosomes promote the chemoresistance of bladder cancer cells by enhancing their EMT 41 , 106 .…”

Extracellular Vesicles and Circulating Tumour Cells - complementary liquid biopsies or standalone concepts?

“…Undeniably, sEVs are diligent players in developing chemoresistance in cancer cells [162,163]. Nonetheless, some conditions must be met for sEVs, here precisely exosomes, to modulate this phenomenon.…”