The Emerging Role of the Mammalian Glycocalyx in Functional Membrane Organization and Immune System Regulation

Möckl, Leonhard

doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00253

Cited by 135 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 134 publications

(143 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, aiding homeostasis is the glycocalyx, a dense layer formed by glycolipids, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans in the PM and projecting to the exoplasmic space to interact with the environment (reviewed in more detail in Ref. [9]). Thus, membranes coordinate the cell's adaptability to its environment by bridging events sensed on the extracellular matrix with intracellular signaling cascades and the cytoskeleton (Fig.…”

Section: Mimicking Biological Membranes Based On Their Molecular Anatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model membrane systems to reconstitute immune cell signaling

et al. 2020

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Understanding the broad variety of functions encoded in cellular membranes requires experimental systems mimicking both their biochemical composition and biophysical properties. Here, we review the interplay between membrane components and the physical properties of the plasma membrane worth considering for biomimetic studies. Later, we discuss the main advantages and caveats of different model membrane systems. We further expand on how the use of model systems has contributed to the understanding of immune cell signaling, with a specific focus on the immunological synapse. We discuss the similarities of immune synapses observed for innate and adaptive immune cells and focus on the physical principles underlying these similarities.

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Section: Mimicking Biological Membranes Based On Their Molecular Anatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Model membrane systems to reconstitute immune cell signaling

et al. 2020

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“…The presence of extracellular materials, organized as extracellular matrix (ECM), glycocalyx, or mucus layers, has been described in both vertebrates (Huxley-Jones et al, 2007;Möckl, 2020) and invertebrates (Har-el and Tanzer, 1993;Schröder and Bosch, 2016) as well as in plants (Driouich et al, 2013) and microorganisms (Flemming and Wingender, 2010). Despite the specific components may vary between clades or species, also in dependence of the specific cell types, the extracellular organization mostly shares gel-like structures mainly composed of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids (Theocharis et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extracellular structures may fulfill relevant roles in terms of structure and functional organization, contributing to fundamental processes like cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. They can act as protective barriers in preventing pathogen invasion, or represent advantageous habitats to facilitate symbiotic interactions, for example favoring adhesion of microbial communities (Yue, 2014;Schröder and Bosch, 2016;Möckl, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of DNA in the Extracellular Environment: A Focus on NETs, RETs and Biofilms

et al. 2020

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The capacity to actively release genetic material into the extracellular environment has been reported for bacteria, archaea, fungi, and in general, for microbial communities, but it is also described in the context of multicellular organisms, animals and plants. This material is often present in matrices that locate outside the cells. Extracellular matrices have important roles in defense response and disease in microbes, animal and plants cells, appearing as barrier against pathogen invasion or for their recognition. Specifically, neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) in animals and root extracellular traps (RETs) in plants, are recognized to be important players in immunity. A growing amount of evidence revealed that the extracellular DNA, in these contexts, plays an active role in the defense action. Moreover, the protective role of extracellular DNA against antimicrobials and mechanical stress also appears to be confirmed in bacterial biofilms. In parallel, recent efforts highlighted different roles of self (homologous) and non-self (heterologous) extracellular DNA, paving the way to discussions on its role as a “Damage-associated molecular pattern” (DAMP). We here provide an evolutionary overview on extracellular DNA in extracellular matrices like RETs, NETs, and microbial biofilms, discussing on its roles and inferring on possible novel functionalities.

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“…The composition and organization of the glycocalyx layer, which covers the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, also contributes to cell morphology and membrane protrusions (106). Mucins are flexible transmembrane glycoprotein polymers within the glycocalyx that are enriched on the surface of many membrane protrusions, such as epithelial microvilli (107).…”

Section: Mechanisms For Inducing Membrane Curvature and Protein Enricmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surfing on Membrane Waves: Microvilli, Curved Membranes, and Immune Signaling

Orbach

2020

Front. Immunol.

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Microvilli are finger-like membrane protrusions, supported by the actin cytoskeleton, and found on almost all cell types. A growing body of evidence suggests that the dynamic lymphocyte microvilli, with their highly curved membranes, play an important role in signal transduction leading to immune responses. Nevertheless, challenges in modulating local membrane curvature and monitoring the high dynamicity of microvilli hampered the investigation of the curvature-generation mechanism and its functional consequences in signaling. These technical barriers have been partially overcome by recent advancements in adapted super-resolution microscopy. Here, we review the up-to-date progress in understanding the mechanisms and functional consequences of microvillus formation in T cell signaling. We discuss how the deformation of local membranes could potentially affect the organization of signaling proteins and their biochemical activities. We propose that curved membranes, together with the underlying cytoskeleton, shape microvilli into a unique compartment that sense and process signals leading to lymphocyte activation.

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The Emerging Role of the Mammalian Glycocalyx in Functional Membrane Organization and Immune System Regulation

Cited by 135 publications

References 134 publications

Model membrane systems to reconstitute immune cell signaling

Model membrane systems to reconstitute immune cell signaling

The Role of DNA in the Extracellular Environment: A Focus on NETs, RETs and Biofilms

Surfing on Membrane Waves: Microvilli, Curved Membranes, and Immune Signaling

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