The Emerging Landscapes of Long Noncoding RNA in Thyroid Carcinoma: Biological Functions and Clinical Significance

Abstract

Thyroid carcinoma (TC) is one of the most prevalent primary endocrine tumors, and its incidence is steadily and gradually increasing worldwide. Accumulating evidence has revealed the critical functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the tumorigenesis and development of TC. Many TC-associated lncRNAs have been documented to be implicated in TC malignant behaviors, including abnormal cell proliferation, enhanced stem cell properties and aggressiveness, and resistance to therapeutics, through interaction with proteins, DNA, or RNA or encoding small peptides. Therefore, further elucidating the lncRNA dysregulation sheds additional insights into TC tumorigenesis and progression and opens new avenues for the early diagnosis and clinical therapy of TC. In this review, we summarize the abnormal expression of lncRNA in TC and the fundamental characteristics in TC tumorigenesis and development. Additionally, we introduce the potential prognostic and therapeutic significance of lncRNAs in TC.

FOXP4-AS1 Inhibits Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Proliferation and Migration Through the AKT Signaling Pathway

“…GSEA analyses showed that enrichment of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was significant after FOXP4-AS1 knockdown ( Figure 6C ). The PI3K/AKT pathway appears to be one of the major signaling pathways that contribute to tumorigenesis of thyroid carcinoma ( 6 ). The expression level of p-AKT was impaired significantly in K1 and TPC1 cells following FOXP4-AS1 overexpression by Western blotting, whereas it increased after FOXP4-AS1 knockdown ( Figures 6D, E ) .…”

“…The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway was featured strongly in regulating cellular metabolism, proliferation, survival, and apoptosis ( 29 ). Hyperactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is proved to contribute to the development of various cancers, including thyroid carcinoma ( 6 , 27 , 39 ). Although the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling is observed in almost all PTC patients, the upstream regulator of this signaling is still to be determined.…”

“…There were 586,202 cases of TC worldwide in 2020, which represented 3% of all malignancies, and the death cases were 44,000, which represented 0.4% of all deaths ( 5 ). Thyroid carcinoma has several histological types, including follicular thyroid carcinoma, medullary thyroid carcinoma, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, papillary thyroid carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma, and poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma ( 6 ). The incidence of PTC is the highest among all the types of human thyroid carcinoma.…”

“…Furthermore, Zhu et al. ( 6 ) summarized the abnormal expression of 28 lncRNAs in thyroid carcinoma tumorigenesis and concluded that the functions of lncRNAs were maintaining proliferative signaling and therapeutic resistance, activating migration and invasion, and sustaining stem cell-like characteristics. These reports highlighted that lncRNAs play a vital role in the prognostic and therapeutic in thyroid carcinoma.…”

Evolving Insights Into the Biological Function and Clinical Significance of Long Noncoding RNA in Glioblastoma

“…Based on their subcellular localization ( Quinn and Chang, 2016 ), lncRNAs can be further divided into nuclear or cytoplasmic lncRNAs ( Chen, 2016 ). LncRNAs localized in the nucleus typically regulate gene expression in cis, including transcriptional interference or chromatin remodeling ( Jain et al, 2016 ; Zhu et al, 2021 ). On the contrary, LncRNAs localized in the cytoplasm execute regulatory functions via implicating in influencing RNA processing or transport, thereby regulating mRNA degradation or directly altering protein function ( Lin et al, 2016 ).…”