The Emergence of the Middle Classes and Political Change in the Philippines

Kimura, Masataka

doi:10.1111/j.1746-1049.2003.tb00941.x

Cited by 21 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Recent writing on the middle classes in the Philippines has emphasized variously its relatively small scale and minimal growth in the latter part of the twentieth century, and their concentration in the capital region of Manila. Scholars have distinguished in occupational terms between the 'old', the 'new' and the 'marginal' middle classes (Pinches 1996(Pinches , 1999Bautista 2001;Kimura 2003). The 'new' middle classes refer to professional and technical workers and wage and salary earning administrators, executives and managers while the marginal middle classes refer to wage and salary earning clerical workers.…”

Section: Insert Table 1 About Herementioning

confidence: 99%

Diasporic Dreams, Middle-Class Moralities and Migrant Domestic Workers Among Muslim Filipinos in Saudi Arabia

Johnson¹

2019

Diasporic Journeys, Ritual, and Normativity Among Asian Migrant Women

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This paper is about middle class Muslim Filipinos in Saudi Arabia, their discourses about and relationships with migrant domestic workers in that country. For this group of people, Saudi Arabia is not simply a temporary stopping point to a better future elsewhere. Rather it is also a place where certain middle class aspirations may be realized in the present and where their religious affiliations as Muslims may be seen as enhancing rather than detracting from those dreams and imaginings. As part of a large and diverse diasporic community of Filipinos, middle class Filipinos routinely interact and socialise with other working class Filipinos. They often provide succour and support for those among their compatriots who labour under the most difficult and legally unprotected conditions. Some employ migrant domestic workers in their homes, many of whom are irregular or in common parlance takas (escapees). At the same time, they reproduce and reinforce many of the gendered stereotypes of domestic workers that often suggest moral failings of one sort or another. The simultaneous embracing of and distancing from domestic workers reflects the anxieties of those, particularly women, whose tenuous hold of middle class status is accomplished through but also at risk by the precariousness of their sojourns abroad in the Kingdom.

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Section: Insert Table 1 About Herementioning

confidence: 99%

Diasporic Dreams, Middle-Class Moralities and Migrant Domestic Workers Among Muslim Filipinos in Saudi Arabia

Johnson¹

2019

Diasporic Journeys, Ritual, and Normativity Among Asian Migrant Women

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“…A degree of liberalization of previously centralized economies has reaped rewards, but the economic gap between Cambodia, Lao PDR and Myanmar and the remaining countries is substantial (OECD, 2013). Vietnam is also comparatively undeveloped, but it has a rising middle class (King, Phuong, & Nguyen, 2008) alongside Indonesia (Crouch, 2001), Malaysia (Embong, 2002), Thailand (Funatsu & Kazuhiro, 2003) and the Philippines (Kimura, 2003). Singapore's middle class is longer established (Rodan, 1993;Tan, 2004) and, elsewhere, while per capita incomes are modest, they are improving.…”

Section: Asean's Progress Tourism and Destination Competitivenessmentioning

confidence: 96%

The new dynamics of tourism in South East Asia: Economic development, political change and destination competitiveness

Henderson

2015

Tourism Recreation Research

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The paper is concerned with tourism in South East Asia and the forces which are shaping its evolution by consolidating established trends and introducing new directions. The important role of Asia's rising middle class in driving demand is acknowledged, alongside general economic growth and political developments which are creating a more favourable business climate. Diversity and difference are also noted in terms of the competitiveness of the member countries of the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) as destinations. Myanmar serves as an illustration of the key influences on the ability to compete and how these are affected by politics and economics. It was chosen as a case study because it is one of the later ASEAN members in which there is growing interest from an industry and tourist perspective, spurred on by wider changes, and its emergence is an expression of and contributor to the reshaping of the region's tourism dynamics.

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“…28 They are compared less favorably to the so-called "new middle class", who are "professional and technical workers on the one hand, and wage-and salary-earning administrators, executives, and managers on the other hand". 29 And this less than favourable comparison also holds with the "old middle class", who are "nonprofessional, nontechnical self-employed workers other than those in the informal sector and the primary industries, as well as employers outside the primary industries except for those holding administrative, executive, and managerial positions". 30 What makes the precariousness and 'marginal middle class-ness' of digital labor in the Philippines distinct is the jobs mismatch that predominate this kind of work, which is often characterized as 'low prestige' in the Global North.…”

Section: Class Coloniality and Digital Labor Imaginaries In The Philmentioning

confidence: 99%

Between “World Class Work” and “Proletarianized Labor”: Digital labor imaginaries in the global South

Soriano¹,

Cabañes²

2019

Preprint

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This paper attempts to avoid both overly optimistic and pessimistic accounts of the ‘on-demand’ global economy and of ‘platform labor’ in the Global South. It instead considers both how the socio-cultural and economic complexities of the worker environment might drive the attractiveness of this form of labor and how histories of colonialism might make local employment and upward mobility less of a viable option for workers from the Global South. Drawing from in-depth interviews and analysis of multiple texts circulating in online freelance forums, Facebook groups, and ‘freelancer’ events, we look at how freelance workers and platform managers enacted and articulated classed and colonial digital labor imaginaries. We identify three such interconnected imaginaries and label them as follows: that of ‘distinction,’ ‘transcendence,’ and ‘flexibility’. In fleshing out these digital labor imaginaries, we discuss the role of virtual spaces, online communities, and the influencers who help push these imaginaries within the digital platform. And in exploring digital labor in the context of its socio-political and cultural embeddedness, we aim to show how workers constituted a sense of self and agency while being embedded in aspirations that were fraught at best and false at worst.

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The Emergence of the Middle Classes and Political Change in the Philippines

Cited by 21 publications

References 7 publications

Diasporic Dreams, Middle-Class Moralities and Migrant Domestic Workers Among Muslim Filipinos in Saudi Arabia

Diasporic Dreams, Middle-Class Moralities and Migrant Domestic Workers Among Muslim Filipinos in Saudi Arabia

The new dynamics of tourism in South East Asia: Economic development, political change and destination competitiveness

Between “World Class Work” and “Proletarianized Labor”: Digital labor imaginaries in the global South

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