“…Finally, and most importantly for this study, subordinate clauses are a heterogeneous category because they encompass verb complements (complement clauses), verb modifiers (adverbial clauses), noun modifiers (relative clauses), and even these subordinate clause types can be further divided into subtypes. It is revealing that studies that explore specific subordination types show different developmental profiles for different types (e.g., Byrnes & Sinicrope, 2008;Grant & Ginther, 2000;Hirschmann, in press;Mellow, 2006;. All of the above may be reasons for the mixed results across studies based on differing proficiency stages, L1s, genres, and subordination types.…”